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has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Morphine has latent deleterious effects on the ventilatory responses to a hypoxic challenge*

  AUTHORS: Walter J. May, Ryan B. Gruber, Joseph F. Discala, Veljko Puskovic, Fraser Henderson Jr., Lisa A. Palmer, Stephen J. Lewis

  KEYWORDS: Morphine; Hypoxia; Minute Ventilation; Arterial Blood Gas Chemistry; Conscious Rats

  JOURNAL NAME: Open Journal of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Vol.3 No.4, November 14, 2013

  ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine whether morphine depresses the ventilatory responses elicited by a hypoxic challenge (10% O2, 90% N2) in conscious rats at a time when the effects of morphine on arterial blood gas (ABG) chemistry, Alveolar-arterial (A-a) gradient and minute ventilation (Vm) had completely subsided. In vehicle-treated rats, each episode of hypoxia stimulated ventilatory function and the responses generally subsided during each normoxic period. Morphine (5 mg/kg, i.v.) induced an array of depressant effects on ABG chemistry, A-a gradient and Vm (via decreases in tidal volume). Despite resolution of these morphine-induced effects, the first episode of hypoxia elicited substantially smaller increases in Vm than in vehicle-treated rats, due mainly to smaller increases in frequency of breathing. The pattern of ventilatory responses during subsequent episodes of hypoxia and normoxia changed substantially in morphine-treated rats. It is evident that morphine haslatent deleterious effects on ventilatory responses elicited by hypoxic challenge.