Photo-Induced DNA-Dependent Conformational Changes in Silver Nanoparticles ()
1. Introduction
One of interesting tendencies in nano-technology is the application of metal nanoparticles in cancer photo-chemo and photo-thermotherapy. For the purpose it is important to choose materials and sizes of nanoparticles that are capable for: 1) conformational changes; 2) diffusion and 3) chemical transformations in the presence of DNA, light, temperature, ionic strength, redox agents and agents changing environment polarity. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) having the size not more than 10 nm can serve as a fine example of such material [1].
It is hard to overstate the role of metal ions, especially transition ones, in vital activity of organisms. Particular interest causes the interaction of metal ions such as Pt(II), Ag(I), Cu(I) with DNA because metal induced point defects in DNA [2-4] can lead to point mutations and can participate in formation of crosslinks between the chains of DNA. One of the interesting examples is the application of cis-diamine-dichlorine-platinium and so-called photo-cis-platinium for tumor treating. More and more articles have been published lately where the usage of metal nanoparticles, particularly gold [5-9] and carbon [10,11] ones, for tumor photo-thermo-therapy is discussed.
Silver nano-particles for our investigation were chosen for the following reason. Having the size 1 - 2 nm they easily pass the cell membrane and penetrate into the nuclei, the pores of which do not exceed 8 - 9 nm, and can interact with DNA. AgNPs of this kind can be strongly heated and thus, more successfully used in photo-thermotherapy.
The goal of the present investigation is to study the interaction of AgNPs (1 - 2 nm) with thymus DNA by spectroscopic and thermodynamic methods in darkness and under photo-irradiation.
2. Materials and Method
Colloidal silver suspension with particle sizes of 1 - 2 nm in distilled water (200 μg/ml) was purchased from DDS Inc., D/B/A/, Amino Acid & Botanical Supply P.O. Box 356, Cedar Knolls, NJ 07927.
Calf thymus DNA produced by Sigma was dissolved in 0.01 M NaNO3 solution-background electrolyte, pH @ 6. DNA concentration was evaluated by UV absorption spectrophotometer. Molecular extinction factor was e' = 6600 cm−1 M−1 (P), l = 260 nm.
Registration of absorption spectra of AgNPs was carried out by optical fiber spectrometer AvaSpec ULS 2048-USB 2.
Photoirradiation was carried out in reactor with the fixed light beam in 1cm rectangular fluorescent quartz cell. In the same cell with the interval of 5 min absorption spectra of irradiated solutions were registered by AvaSpec spectrometer. Before each absorption Registration the cell was shut to protect the solution from photo irradiation. Registration time was 8 msec. As a source of radiation xenon arch discharge lamp with rating of 35 W in glass balloon was used. To irradiate the solution water filter and light filter with light wave transmission l = 436 nm were used. Radiation power in the cell was 300 mW for thermal water filter and 15 mW for water filter matched with light filter (l = 436 nm).
3. Results and Discussions
Figure 1(a) shows the absorption spectra of AgNPs and AgNPs-DNA complexes. Figure 1(b) presents first derivatives of absorption spectra of AgNPs and AgNPs in the complex with the DNA.
The analysis of Figures 1(a) and (b) shows that at DNA interaction with AgNPs a short-wave shift of AgNPs absorption band (6 nm) takes place. Besides, there can be observed a 20% hypochromic effect.
Figure 2 shows AgNPs absorption spectra before and after their heating followed by their cooling. Colloidal silver suspension was placed in hermetic test-tube and it was being incubated in a vessel with boiling water for 15 min. Then the test-tube with the sample was cooled in ice-bath to room temperature. It can be seen from Figure 2 that nanoparticles exposed to heating demonstrate noticeable weakening of absorption intensity, and what is very important, widening of absorption spectra from 140 nm to 215 nm.
Hypsochromic shift and widening of AgNPs absorption spectra caused by their interaction with DNA and heating demonstrates, on the one hand, loosening of AgNPs, i.e., penetration of solvent (water), the molecules of which show weaker polarizability [12,13], inside nanoparticles (Figures 1(a) and (b)), and on the other hand, change of nanoparticle size and form (Figure 2). De crease of intensity is due to partial corrosion of AgNPs in the presence of DNA [1].
The company nanoComposix [14,15] gives sample
(a)
(b)
Figure 1. (a) Absorption spectra of AgNPs and AgNPs-DNA complexes. [AgNPs]—0.72 ´ 10−4 M (Ag0), [DNA]—1.6 ´ 10–4 M (P), [NaNO3]—10–2 M; (b) Fist derivative spectra of AgNPs and AgNPs-DNA. The blue shift is evident.
Figure 2. Absorption spectra of AgNPs before (1) and after (2) heating processing (15 min incubation at T = 373 K) [AgNPs]—0.72 ´ 10–4 M (Ag0), [NaNO3]—10–2 M.
absorption spectra for spherical AgNPs with particle sizes of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 nm at the same mass concentration 0.02 mg/ml. The given data show that with the increase of the size of the particles widening of the red shift of absorption band can be observed. It is notable that despite the growth of the particle size, i.e., decrease of their total number in the solution, the intensity of absorption bands for nanoparticles with the sizes from 10 to 40 nm is not practically changed, only a small shift of absorption band maximums can be observed. The above explicitly points out that chromophore units are silver atoms and not nanoparticles. Thus, we can draw a conclusion that silver atoms in AgNPs are sufficiently isolated and bound together by dispersion interaction (induced dipole-induced dipole). As these interactions are performed in water surrounding they should be considerably amplified at the expense of so called hydrophobic effect [16], that means compaction and then minimization of the surface (decrease of the system entropy).
We should especially point out that in nanoparticle, which consists of one kind of atoms, along with the mentioned dispersal interaction, the so-called resonance interaction should take place [17]. Such types of interactions are typical for molecular crystals and they usually lead to exiton splitting of the principal absorption band. Inevitable condition for exiton splitting is the presence of a system consisting of identical groups and having hard structure [18]. The absence of splitting can mean that AgNPs under investigation (Figure 1) have liquid structure resembling a drop which under definite conditions (such as temperature, photo-irradiation, variations in dielectric constant of the environment) should be characterized by conformational transitions. So, once again analyzing absorption spectra presented in Figure 1 we can make the conclusion that hypsochromic shift shows not only loosening of AgNPs but moreover demonstrates the transfer of the drop into a spherical segment (wetting angle q < p/2). It means that DNA surface is moistened by silver nano-particles. First of all it is connected with great affinity of soft ions (Cu+, Ag+, Hg++ etc.) and metal ions M0 with DNA double helix [4]. Photo-diffusion of AgNPs (see Figure 4) on DNA double helix resembles flesh-desorption phenomena, i.e., fast heating of AgNPs by photons, then desorption of silver ions with their following adsorption by DNA double helix, including creation of cross-links between silver atoms and DNA chains.
Kinetics of AgNPs photoirradiation has also been studied. Figures 3 and 4 show superposed absorption spectra of free AgNPs and AgNPs in complex with DNA before and after irradiation using water filter.
The analysis of the spectra on Figures 3 and 4 demonstrates that only the irradiated complexes AgNPs-DNA have distinctly expressed isosbestic point. The test with
Figure 3. Absorption spectra of AgNPs before and after irradiation (5 min interval). [AgNPs]—1.94 ´ 10–4 M (Ag0), [NaNO3]—10–2 M.
Figure 4. Absorption spectra of AgNPs-DNA before and after irradiation (5 min interval). [AgNPs]—1.94 ´ 10–4 M (Ag0), [DNA]—1.6 ´ 10–4 M (P), [NaNO3]—10–2 M.
the free AgNPs shows that as a result of photoirradiation desorption of silver atoms and their oxidation to Ag+ ions take place. The presence of isosbestic points in the absorption spectra of irradiated AgNPs-DNA complexes proves that the system has not less than two states, i.e. AgNPs-DNA complexes have several forms of existence joint by structural photo diffusive transition from one form, e.g. spherical one, to extended long and probably one-dimensional form along DNA double helix. The analysis of the spectra really shows with good correlation (£5%) that the space under the spectra is preserved which means that there are no changes in chromophore electron structure. Besides, half width of absorption spectra Dl1/2 is changed from 140 nm to 360 mn. Red shift and widening of AgNPs absorption band points out to increase of electron conjugation (linear and cyclic conjugated systems) typical for molecular systems [19].
We have also carried out evaluation of energy needed for heating of AgNPs (1 - 2 nm). Under the condition when atomic (specific) heat capacity of liquid silver is equal to 30.5 J/(g-atom ´ grad); single photon energy (l = 430 nm) is 46.2 ´ 1020 J it is possible to heat a single silver nano-particle (size 1 nm) consisting of 30 silver atoms up to 610 K; in case when a silver nanoparticle has a size of 2 nm, i.e., consists of 240 atoms, it can be heated up to 340 K. It means that photo-irradiation (λ = 430 nm) has absolute ability to cause the photo-diffusion of AgNPs, especially of those whose size is about 1 nm.
To check the concept we have carried out thermodynamic kinetic analysis of absorption spectra of AgNPsDNA complexes (see Figure 4).
Let’s consider the changes in absorption spectra for photo-irradiated AgNPs-DNA complexes given in Figure 4 versus the duration of irradiation in Mt/Me and t1/2 (see Figure 5). Me º At = 0 - At = 6600 is the number of silver atoms in nanoparticles at the beginning (absorption At when l = 430 nm at t = 0), Mt º At = 0 - At is molar quantity of silver atoms desorbed by the time moment t (difference between absorption At = 0 - At at l = 430 nm). As it can be seen the curves in Figure 5 have S-shape for photo desorption kinetics of silver atoms both from the surface of free AgNPs and AgNPs-DNA complexes. Sshape curves denotes that photo-induced desorption of atoms is a complex and multiphase process [20]; it means diffusion of silver atoms from the inner part of a nanoparticle to its surface, conformational changes in the particles especially in those ones that are adsorbed on DNA surface. Next we are going to consider the results given in Figures 3 and 4 in ln[Me/(Me - Mt)] and t coordinates, which are given in Figure 6.
The analysis of the curve shows that only initial stage of the given curves of desorption kinetics obey linear law of Langmuir first-order equation
. (1)
The constant of desorption rate of silver atoms from the surface of AgNPs has been evaluated from the slopes of the curves and the data is: for AgNPs bound with DNA kd @ 9 ´ 10−5 s−1. The values allow us to estimate activation energy Ed for desorption reaction using the equation
, (2)
where u0 is pre-exponential factor assumed as u0 » 1010 s−1 (reciprocal quantity to silver atom oscillation time in nanoparticles). In this case, we have acquired the value for Ed @ 80 kJ/M Ag0 for AgNPs bound with DNA at T = 300 K. As Ed = Ea + Qa, where Ea is adsorption activation energy and Qa is adsorption heat of nanoparticles, so Qa @ 80 kJ/M Ag0 under the condition that formation of nanoparticles is not an activated process. The value of heat is specific for cluster nanostructures [21].
Figure 5. Kinetic curve of photo-desorption in Mt /Me and t 1/2 coordinates for AgNPs bound with DNA.
Figure 6. Kinetic curve of photo-desorption in ln [Me/(Me – Mt)] and t coordinates for AgNPs bound with DNA.
Next we give evaluation of life time for Ag0 complex with DNA. As far as in 1996 one of the authors [22] proposed a thermodynamic model of interaction between small ligands and DNA. Based on the example of interaction between the ions of transition metals and DNA it was shown that the life time of the complexes t is connected to equilibrium characteristic by stability constant K and equation
(3)
where t0 is the duration of the fluctuation excitation of the adsorbing ligands or molecules interacting with a solid surface and it lies between 10−11 and 10−10 s. Silver atom photo-desorption from the surface of nanoparticles, included in DNA complex, has desorption activation energy of 80 kJ/M Ag0 and, consequently, we can assume that photo-induced diffusion of AgNPs on DNA double helix takes place along with activation of silver atoms desorption energy which equals to 80 kJ/M Ag0 and thus we can state that the energy of Ag0 interaction with DNA double helix is not less than 80 kJ/M Ag0. In accordance with the Gibbs Equation
(4)
and taking into account the evaluated energy 80 kJ/M Ag0, we assume that the stability constant of the complex is not less than 1014 and, consequently, life time of the complexes is equal to 104 s. Life-times of 1 s order and more are characteristic for inter-strand interactions with the participation of transition metal ions, so called crosslinks [22]. As far as in 1969 Wilhelm and Daune [23] showed that Ag+ ions form cross-links between DNA chains thus releasing protons bound with N1 guanine and N3 thymine into the solution. We have estimated stability constants of Cu+ and Ag+ ions with DNA which are equal to pK = 10.8 for Ag+ and pK = 14.9 for Cu+. Thereafter the change of free energy for Ag+ is 63 kJ/mol and 86 kJ/mol for Cu+ and lifetimes are 0.63 s for Ag+ and 8.6 ´ 103 s for Cu+ [4].
4. Conclusion
Using spectrophotometry and thermodynamic approaches we have shown that 1) at interaction with DNA, AgNPs are adsorbed on it and only partial corrosion of nanoparticles at the level of Ag+ ions is observed; 2) at photoirradiation (l = 436 nm or full spectrum of visible band) desorption of silver atoms from the surface of AgNPs takes place. AgNPs undergo photo-diffusion on DNA surface making prolate stretched structure (AgNPs absorption spectrum width is changed from 140 nm to 360 nm at half-height); 3) Kinetic study of photo-desorption has made it possible to determine desorption rate constant kd and adsorption heat Qa that are equal to kd @ 9 ´ 10−5 s−1; Qa ³ 80 kJ/M Ag0 for AgNPs bound with DNA; It is shown that AgNPs represent liquid drops which moisture the DNA surface at interaction. At photo-irradiation of AgNPs-DNA complex DNA dependant conformational transition takes place due to fast and intensive heating.
5. Acknowledgements
The authors express their gratitude to Prof. J. Monaselidze for useful discussions and to Mrs. G. Nizharadze for her help in preparing the manuscript.
The work was partly supported by Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation grant number GNSF/ST09_
508_2-230.