J. K. Wittle, D. G. Hill and G. V. Chilingar, “Direct Current Electrical Enhanced Oil Recovery in Heavy-Oil Reservoirs to Improve Recovery, Reduce Water Cut, and Reduce H2S Production While Increasing API Gravity,” SPE Western Regional and Pacific Section AAPG Joint Meeting, Bakersfield, 29 March-2 April 2008, 2008, pp. 1-19.

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: The Effect of Generated Chlorine Gas on Electroremediation of Heavy Metals from Offshore Muds

  AUTHORS: Sanghee Shin, George V. Chilingar, Muhammad Haroun, Bisweswar Ghosh, Najmedin Meshkati, Sibel Pamukcu, J. Kenneth Wittle, Manal Al Badawi

  KEYWORDS: Offshore Sediments; Chlorine Gas Removal; Electroremediation; Contaminated Muds; Electrokinetic Efficiency

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Environmental Protection, Vol.3 No.5, May 30, 2012

  ABSTRACT: The removal efficiency of heavy metals from offshore muds is enhanced in the presence of generated chlorine gas (Cl2). The tests showed a high removal efficiency of heavy metals at the anode end of cores after 24 hours of EK application. In the initial tests, high electrokinetic flow potential was achieved; however, high levels of chlorine gas were produced in the high-salinity environments. The process was improved by controlling and maintaining a certain fraction of the chlorine gas (Cl2) in place. The pH was controlled by the chlorine gas maintained in-situ and transported from the anode to cathode. The transports of four heavy metals were evaluated in this study. The chlorine gas can have two impacts on the transport of metals in the system. One is to oxidize the metal ions to a higher oxidation state and the second is to form chloride complexes, which have higher mobility in the system. Determination of oxidation state and the subsequent metal chloride complex are left for future research.