TITLE:
Data from Twenty-Three FRB’s Confirm the Universe Is Static and Not Expanding
AUTHORS:
Lyndon Errol Ashmore
KEYWORDS:
Redshift, Dispersion Measure, Fast Radio Bursts, FRB’s, Tired Light, Static Universe, IGM
JOURNAL NAME:
Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology,
Vol.10 No.3,
July
31,
2024
ABSTRACT: Fast Radio Bursts from far away galaxies have travelled through the IGM and provide a tool to study its composition. Presently there are 23 FRB’s whose host galaxies have been identified and the redshift found. This gives us the opportunity to test Dispersion Measure versus redshift predictions made by two models. The Macquart relation for an expanding Universe and the New Tired Light relationship in a static universe. In New Tired Light, redshifts are produced when a photon is absorbed and re-emitted by the electrons in the IGM which recoil on both occasions. Some of the energy of the photon has been transferred to the kinetic energy of the recoiling electron. The photon has less energy, a lower frequency and a longer wavelength. It has been redshifted. Since dispersion is due to an interaction between radio signals and these same electrons one would expect a direct relationship between DM and redshift in the New Tired light model. The relation is
DM=(
m
e
c/
2h
r
e
)ln(
1+z
)
and contains no adjustable parameters—just a combination of universal constants related to the electron and photon. Notice that the relation is independent of the electron number density ne since a change in ne affects both the DM and redshift equally. A graph of DM versus ln(1 + z) will be a straight line of gradient
(
m
e
c/
2h
r
e
)
and, using SI units, substituting for the constants gives 7.318 × 1025 m−2. Using the data from the 23 well localized FRB’s, with the weighting of the DM’s for expansion removed (so that the data corresponds to a static universe), a graph of DM versus ln(1 + z) has a gradient of 6.7 × 1025 m−2—9% below the predicted
(
m
e
c/
2h
r
e
)
. The Macquart relation involves highly processed data and adjustable parameters to allow for “dark energy” and “dark matter” (neither of which has yet been found) and can be reduced to DM = 850z (in units of pc∙cm−3). Using the data from this set of localized FRB’s gives a trendline with gradient 1.10 × 103 pc∙cm−3—almost 30% higher than that predicted in an expanding universe model. The FRB data clearly comes down in favour of a static universe rather than an expanding one. Combining the DM-z relationship for the 23 well localized FRB’s, with the Hubble diagram, drawn using the NED-D compilation of redshift independent extragalactic distances, produces a value of “ne” the mean electron number density of the IGM, of
n
e
=0.48
m
−3
close to the value
n
e
=0.5
m
−3
, long since predicted by NTL.