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has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: History of Ultralow Temperatures at Dubna (JINR)

  AUTHORS: Yu. A. Usov

  KEYWORDS: Polarized Targets, Ultralow Temperatures, 3He/4He Dilution Refrigerator

  JOURNAL NAME: Advances in Historical Studies, Vol.12 No.4, October 26, 2023

  ABSTRACT: A frozen spin polarized targets cooled by the 3He/4He dilution refrigerator developed at the JINR, Dubna is described. Experience with continuously-polarized targets (dynamic mode) and achieving of very low temperatures in 1966 (JINR) gave rise to the idea of using radically new technique based on dissolving 3He in 4He to the frozen spin polarized target. The short history (1966-2023) of the development of such proton and deuteron targets at JINR for different accelerators (Dubna, Protvino, Gatchina, Prague, Mainz and Bonn) is given.