Waite, A.J., Baumer, D., East, S., et al. (2014) Reduced C9orf72 Protein Levels in Frontal Cortex of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration Brain with the C9ORF72 Hexanucleotide Repeat Expansion. Neurobiology of Aging, 35, 1779 e5-1779 e13.

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: The 5’-Untranslated Region of the C9orf72 mRNA Exhibits a Phylogenetic Alignment to the Cis-Aconitase Iron-Responsive Element; Novel Therapies for Amytrophic Lateral Sclerosis

  AUTHORS: Monica A. Lu, Susruthi Rajanala, Sohan V. Mikkilineni, Catherine M. Cahill, Robert Brown, James D. Berry, Jack T. Rogers

  KEYWORDS: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Iron-Responsive Element (IRE), C9orf72 mRNA, Mitochondrial Aconitase (mACO), Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD), Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP), HIV Trans-Activation Response Element (TAR), Antisense Oligonucleotides (ASO), Iron-Regulatory Proteins-1 and -2 (IRP1 and IRP2)

  JOURNAL NAME: Neuroscience and Medicine, Vol.7 No.1, March 21, 2016

  ABSTRACT: The hexanucleotide repeat mutation in the intron-1 of the chromosome 9 open reading frame (C9orf72) is a frequent cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Altered RNA folding plays a role in ALS pathogenesis in two ways: non-ATG translation of the repeat can lead to aggregates of the known C9orf72 specific dipeptide polymer, whereas the repeat also can form neurotoxic RNA inclusions that dose-responsively kill motor neurons. We report the presence of a homology in the 5’untranslated region (UTR) of the messenger RNA encoding C9orf72 with the iron responsive elements (IRE) that control expression of iron-associated transcripts and predict that this RNA structure may iron-dependently regulate C9orf72 translation. We previously report altered serum ferritin levels track with severity of ALS in patients. Here, we conduct bioinformatics analyses to determine the secondary structure of the 5’UTR in C9orf72 mRNA and find it aligned with IREs in the human mitochondrial cis-aconitase and L and H-ferritin transcripts. Comparison of the role of RNA repeats in Friedriech’s ataxia and fragile X mental retardation suggests the utility of RNA based therapies for treatment of ALS. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) have been reported to therapeutically target these GGGGCC repeats. At the same time, because the function of C9orf72 is unknown, knockdown strategies carry some risk of inducing or compounding haploinsufficiency. We propose, for consideration, an approach that may enhance its therapeutic dynamic range by increasing the 5’UTR driven translation of C9orf72 protein to compensate for any potential ALS-specific or ASO-induced haploinsufficieny.