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has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Role of TGF-β in breast cancer bone metastases

  AUTHORS: Antonella Chiechi, David L. Waning, Keith R. Stayrook, Jeroen T. Buijs, Theresa A. Guise, Khalid S. Mohammad

  KEYWORDS: Transforming Growth Factor-Beta; TGF-β; Breast Cancer; Bone Metastasis; Bone; Small Molecule Inhibitors; Antibodies; Bone Resorption

  JOURNAL NAME: Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, Vol.4 No.10C, October 18, 2013

  ABSTRACT: Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among females worldwide leading to approximately 350,000 deaths each year. It has long been known that cancers preferentially metastasize to particular organs, and bone metastases occur in ~70% of patients with advanced breast cancer. Breast cancer bone metastases are predominantly osteolytic and accompanied by increased fracture risk, pain, nerve compression and hypercalcemia, causing severe morbidity. In the bone matrix, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is one of the most abundant growth factors, which is released in active form upon tumor-induced osteoclastic bone resorption. TGF-β, in turn, stimulates bone metastatic tumor cells to secrete factors that further drive osteolytic bone destruction adjacent to the tumor. Thus, TGF-β is a crucial factor responsible for driving the feed-forward vicious cycle of cancer growth in bone. Moreover, TGF-β activates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, increases tumor cell invasiveness and angiogenesis and induces immunosuppression. Blocking the TGF-β signaling pathway to interrupt this vicious cycle between breast cancer and bone offers a promising target for therapeutic intervention to decrease skeletal metastasis. This review will describe the role of TGF-β in breast cancer and bone metastasis, and pre-clinical and clinical data will be evaluated for the potential use of TGF-β inhibitors in clinical practice to treat breast cancer bone metastases.