Yamaguchi, T., Kamo, J., Waki, H., Terauchi, Y., Kubota, N., Hara, K., Mori, Y., Ide, T., Murakami, K., TsuboyamaKasaoka, N., Ezaki, O., Akanuma, Y., Gavrilova, O., Vinson, C., Reitman, M.L., Kagechika, H., Shudo, K., Yoda, M., Nakano, Y., Tobe, K., Nagai, R., Kimura, S., Tomita, M., Froguel, P. and Kadowaki, T. (2001) The fat-derived hormone adiponectin reverses insulin resistance associated with both lipoatrophy and obesity. Nature Medicine, 7, 941-946. doi:10.1038/090984

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Effects of oleic acid on murine macrophage dysfunction

  AUTHORS: Naofumi Shiomi, Keiko Watanabe

  KEYWORDS: Macrophage; Oleic Acid; Cancer; Allergy; Dysfunction

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Vol.6 No.6, June 26, 2013

  ABSTRACT: Obese individuals exhibit much higher risks not only for metabolic syndrome, but also for cancer and allergies, than normal-weight subjects. This fact suggests that signals secreted from adipocytes change the characteristics of lymphocytes, such as macrophages and T-cells. We focused on a free fatty acid, oleic acid, as a signal inducing such changes and examined its effects on murine J774.2 macrophages. When the cells were cultured in medium containing high concentrations (1, 2 and 4 mM) of oleic acid, apoptosis occurred, and the apoptotic cells were gathered into clusters of very large size by the work of enzymes for phagocytosis. When the cells were cultured in medium containing 0.5 mM of oleic acid, the fatty acid did not affect cell growth; however, it inhibited nitrogen monoxide (NO) secretion and the gene expressions of interleukins and TNF-α. NO disturbs the invasion of macrophages into blood vessels, and interleukins promote the differentiation and proliferation of T- and B-cells. Therefore, these results suggest that the high risks for cancer and allergies observed in obese subjects are associated with the dysfunction of macrophages induced by fatty acids. Moreover, we also examined the protective effects of carnitine against dysfunction. However, carnitine did not exhibit sufficient effects.