Department of Health and Human Services, “Panel on Anti-retroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents, Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents,” 2011, pp. 1-166. http://www.aidsinfor.nih.gov/ContentFiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Ethambutol Induced Optic Neuritis Associated with Tenofovir Nephrotoxicity

  AUTHORS: Sonia Vibhakar, Diana Yu, Romina Kee, Blake Max

  KEYWORDS: Tenofovir; Nephrotoxicity; Ethambutol; Optic Neuritis; Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

  JOURNAL NAME: World Journal of AIDS, Vol.2 No.2, June 15, 2012

  ABSTRACT: Morbidity and mortality associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has decreased with highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). Tenofovir is a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) that is preferred by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) HIV treatment guidelines and is widely used for the initial treatment of HIV. Although tenofovir is generally well-tolerated, it has been associated with rare cases of acute nephrotoxicity. HIV-infected patients frequently have co-morbidities that require treatment, thus adding another level of complexity due to drug interactions and medication adverse effects with antiretrovirals. We present a patient who suffered an acute deterioration in renal function from tenofovir, leading to an accumulation of co-administered ethambutol, thus resulting in optic neuritis.