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has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: The Evolution of Insulin Administration in Type 1 Diabetes

  AUTHORS: Catherina T. Pinnaro, Michael J. Tansey

  KEYWORDS: Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), Insulin, Hybrid-Closed Loop, Hypoglycemia

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Diabetes Mellitus, Vol.11 No.5, November 17, 2021

  ABSTRACT: Insulin has been utilized in the treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D) for 100 years. While there is still no cure for T1D, insulin administration has undergone a remarkable evolution which has contributed to improvements in quality of life and life expectancy in individuals with T1D. The advent of faster-acting and longer-acting insulins allowed for the implementation of insulin regimens more closely resembling normal insulin physiology. These improvements afforded better glycemic control, which is crucial for limiting microvascular complications and improving T1D outcomes. Suspension of insulin delivery in response to actual and forecasted hypoglycemia has improved quality of life and mitigated hypoglycemia without compromising glycemic control. Advances in continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and insulin pumps, efforts to model glucose and insulin kinetics, and the application of control theory to T1D have made the automation of insulin delivery a reality. This review will summarize the past, present, and future of insulin administration in T1D.