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has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Morinda citrifolia (Noni) Fruit Juice Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Binding of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2)

  AUTHORS: Brett J. West, Shixin Deng

  KEYWORDS: Coronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Spike Protein, Morinda citrifolia, Noni, Iridoid

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, Vol.9 No.11, November 15, 2021

  ABSTRACT: COVID-19 is a global pandemic that has claimed millions of lives. This disease is caused by a coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which requires the binding of its spike protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for infection of the host cell. Morinda citrifolia (noni) fruit juice has antiviral activity that involves enhancement of immune system function. SARS-CoV-2 spike-ACE2 interaction experiments were carried out to further investigate the antiviral properties of noni juice and its major iridoids. Noni juice inhibited binding by approximately 69%. Scandoside was the most active of the three iridoids evaluated, reducing average spike protein-ACE2 interaction by 79.25%. The iridoids worked synergistically towards inhibiting spike protein binding when assayed together, improving activity by more than 22% above the expected level. But the modest activity of the most abundant iridoid, deacetylasperulosidic acid, indicates that other phytochemicals (i.e. scopoletin, quercetin, rutin and kaempferol) are also involved. Our results suggest that the presence of several biological active phytochemicals in noni juice enhances resistance to SARS-CoV-2 by interfering with its ability to bind ACE2. This is a new and significant anti-viral mechanism of noni juice that does not directly involve its immunomodulatory properties.