TITLE:
Cameroon Green Energy Potentials: Field Survey of Production, Physico-Chemical Analyses of Palm Kernel Oil for Industrial Applications
AUTHORS:
Alang Michael Bong, Ndikontar Maurice Kor, Peter T. Ndifon
KEYWORDS:
Field Survey, Palm Kernel Oil, Raw Material, Energy Production, Physical and Chemical Properties, Fatty Acids, Iodine Value, GC-MS
JOURNAL NAME:
Green and Sustainable Chemistry,
Vol.10 No.3,
August
19,
2020
ABSTRACT: This
paper reports a field survey undertaken to determine the availability of raw
material for palm kernel oil commercial production for industrial applications.
Both industrial and artisanal wastes from palm kernel oil production were also
surveyed as raw material (palm kernel seeds) for green energy production.
Results of the field study show that 22% of palm kernel seeds (which represents
tons of waste) resulting from palm oil processing plants are dumped while at
the artisanal level, 80% of palm kernel seed waste is dumped. Analysis of field
study data shows that
large amounts of waste palm kernel seeds are available to enable large scale
production of palm kernel oil (PKO) for desirable industrial applications in
green energy production. The paper also reports on the physical and chemical
properties of Cameroon palm kernel oil (PKO). Palm kernel oil was extracted
using mechanical press and solvent extraction. The palm kernel oil (PKO) from
Cameroon was analyzed by standard physico-chemical methods. Results of the
physical measurements show a specific gravity of PKO of 0.92 kg/L, viscosity of
26.03 cSt and at 5.93 cSt at 40°C and 100°C respectively, viscosity index of
185, pour point of 20°C, cloud point of 29°C, flash point of 200°C, aniline
point of 105°F, diesel index of 23, cetane number of 27 and ASTM (American
Standards for Testing and Materials) color of less than 2.5. Results of
chemical analyses showed an acid value of 17.95 mg KOH/g, free fatty acid (FFA)
content of 8.98 mg KOH/g, iodine value of 2.10 mg I2/g, peroxide value of 2.10 meq/kg,
ester value of 123.0 mg KOH/g, hydroxyl value of 93.4 mg OH/g, saponification
value of 140.95 mg KOH/g and a sulfur content of 0.016% w/v, signifying low
sulfur content. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed the palm
kernel oil to be predominantly made up of glycerides of various fatty acids with
higher proportions of C12 to C16 fatty acid residues. Cameroon PKO therefore
has a broad spectrum of industrial applications by virtue of its rich physical
and chemical properties.