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has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Pain-Relieving Effect of Music on Preschoolers during Immunization: A Randomized Controlled Trial

  AUTHORS: Yui Shiroshita, Kotaro Muraki, Tatsuya Kamei, Ikuko Sobue

  KEYWORDS: Pain, Immunization, Music, Preschoolers

  JOURNAL NAME: Health, Vol.10 No.1, January 30, 2018

  ABSTRACT: Background: Immunization is a medical procedure many children frequently undergo. As it involves pain, it is important to develop effective pain relief methods that are applicable from infancy. Objective: To clarify the pain-relieving effect of music from speakers on preschoolers during immunization. Methods: A randomized controlled trial using sex-based stratified randomization was conducted at a Japanese pediatric clinic between October and December 2016, involving 48 preschoolers aged 5 - 6. Among these, 25 listened to music (“Twinkle Twinkle Little Star” played by a music box) from speakers before, during, and after influenza immunization (Music group), while the other 23 were not treated with musical intervention (Control group), with the following outcomes: primary: the Face Scale score; and secondary: the heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation (SpO2) and salivary alpha amylase (sAA) levels. Results: The Face Scale score and HR of the Control group immediately after influenza immunization were significantly higher than their baseline values (P