TITLE:
Using Vegetation Indices as Input into Random Forest for Soybean and Weed Classification
AUTHORS:
Reginald S. Fletcher
KEYWORDS:
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Palmer Amaranth, Redroot Pigweed, Velvetleaf, Remote Sensing
JOURNAL NAME:
American Journal of Plant Sciences,
Vol.7 No.15,
November
7,
2016
ABSTRACT: Weed management is a major component of a soybean (Glycine max L.) production
system; thus, managers need tools to help them distinguish soybean from weeds.
Vegetation indices derived from light reflectance properties of plants have shown
promise as tools to enhance differences among plants. The objective of this study was
to evaluate normalized difference vegetation indices derived from multispectral leaf
reflectance data as input into random forest machine learner to differentiate soybean
and three broad leaf weeds: Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri L.), redroot pigweed
(A. retroflexus L.), and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik). Leaf reflectance
measurements were acquired from plants grown in two separate greenhouse
experiments conducted in 2014. Twelve normalized difference vegetation indices
were derived from the reflectance measurements, including advanced, green, greenred,
green-blue, and normalized difference vegetation indices, shortwave infrared
water stress indices, normalized difference pigment and red edge indices, and structure
insensitive pigment index. Using the twelve vegetation indices as input variables,
the conditional inference version of random forest (cforest) readily distinguished
soybean and velvetleaf from the two pigweeds (Palmer amaranth and redroot pigweed)
and from each other with classification accuracies ranging from 93.3% to
100%. The greatest errors were observed between the two pigweed classes, with classification
accuracies ranging from 70% to 93.3%. Results suggest combining them
into one class to increase classification accuracy. Vegetation indices results were
equivalent to or slightly better than results obtained with sixteen multispectral bands
used as input data into cforest. This research further supports using vegetation indices
and machine learning algorithms such as cforest as decision support tools for
weed identification.