Bellman, M.J., Cheng, T.H., Downey, R.J. and Dixon, W.E. (2014) Stationary Cycling Induced by Switched Functional Electrical Stimulation Control. American Control Conference (ACC), Portland, 4-6 June 2014, 4802-4809.

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: The Influence of Control Design on Energetic Cost during FES Induced Sit-to-Stand

  AUTHORS: Rasha Massoud

  KEYWORDS: Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES), Sit to Stand (STS), Energitics, Musculoskeletal Modeling, Simulation

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Vol.7 No.14, December 25, 2014

  ABSTRACT: This paper highlights the benefits of using intelligent model based controllers to produce FES induced sit-to-stand movement (FES-STS), in terms of reducing energy cost and producing more natural responses in comparison with conventional controllers. A muscle energy expenditure model for the quadriceps is implemented in the control design of FES-STS, then simulation is run for three different control designs: an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system controller (ANFIS), a conventional PID controller, and a hybrid ANFIS-PID controller. The PID control strategy results in negative energy expenditure of the quadriceps at the end of the STS initiation phase, this negative energy is caused by the high lengthening speeds at the muscle fiber level, which may lead to muscle fatigue or damage. Contrary to PID controller, model based controllers show positive energy expenditure, lower energy costs, and more natural curves of energy expenditure and knee torques.