Yamada, S., Suzuki, Y., Suzuki, T., Le, M.Q., Nidom, C.A., Sakai-Tagawa, Y., Muramoto, Y., Ito, M., Kiso, M., Horimoto, T., Shinya, K., Sawada, T., Kiso, M., Usui, T., Murata, T., Lin, Y., Ha, A., Haire, L.F., Stevens, D.J., Russell, R.J., Gamblin, S.J., Skehel, J.J. and Kawaoka, Y. (2006) Haemagglutinin Mutations Responsible for the Binding of H5N1 Influenza A Viruses to Human-Type Receptors. Nature, 444, 378-382.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05264

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Therapeutic Trial of an Endothelin Receptor Agonist for the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A/H5N1 Virus Infection in Chicks

  AUTHORS: Kazuhide Adachi, Retno Damajanti Soejoedono, Ekowati Handharyani, Marie Inai, Yasuhiro Tsukamoto

  KEYWORDS: Avian Influenza Virus, A/H5N1, Endothelin Receptor, Chicken

  JOURNAL NAME: Health, Vol.6 No.19, November 7, 2014

  ABSTRACT: The rapid spread of the highly pathogenic A/H5N1 avian influenza virus among domestic birds and its transmission to humans has induced world-wide fears of a new influenza pandemic. A/H5N1 has infected over 300 people since 1997, and has shown a mortality rate of over 50%. The high mortality in human cases is thought to be enhanced by the excessive secretion of various endogenous factors, including cytokines and interleukins, stimulated by viral infections. Chickens infected with A/H5N1 viruses experience sudden death without showing severe clinical symptoms or inflammation. However, severe hemorrhage and congestion are seen in various tissues in sporadic chicken cases of A/H5N1-infections, especially in the pulmonary tissues, thus indicating that there is ischemia due to vascular abnormalities. Our previous studies have focused on the expression pattern of endothelin-1, which modulates the vascular tone via endothelin receptors. An Indonesian sporadic strain of A/H5N1 virus was intranasally administered to 10-day-old chicks, and the expression of endothelin was examined in the infected birds. All birds died within five days of inoculation, and had moderate inflammation accompanied by severe hemorrhage and congestion in the lungs. Immunohistochemical studies showed enhanced expression of endothelin-1 in the infected lungs. In addition, the real-time PCR analyses revealed that endothelin-1 and endothelin receptor A mRNA were significantly elevated in the birds with A/H5N1 infections. Subsequently, H5N1-infected birds were inoculated with bosentan hydrate, a competitive antagonist of endothelin receptors. Interestingly, the mortality rate of the infected birds was dramatically decreased in a dose-dependent manner by the administration of bosentan hydrate. The pathological lesions, including congestion and hemorrhage in the pulmonary tissues, were clearly inhibited. These findings are promising, and suggest that endothelin receptor antagonists are a potential treatment for the highly pathogenic avian flu.