Histochemical Patterns of Collagenic Fibers in the Benign and Malignant Breast Lesions ()
1. Introduction
Breast cancer is the first tumor disease among women, causing more than 600,000 new cases per year [1]. Furthermore, it is also the most common cancer and the principal cause of cancer death among females worldwide [2]. In addition, breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among women, causing more than 39,000 deaths every year in the United States alone [3]. In 2015, cancer was accounting for 429.16 million new cases and 281.42 million deaths in China [4] [5]. Although in the last years, the early diagnosis of this disease has improved overall survival [6].
According to Cancer Research UK, more than 90% of women diagnosed with breast carcinoma at the earliest stage survive for at least 5 years compared to about 15% of women diagnosed with the most advanced stage of cancer [7] [8]. Breast cancer remains a very serious problem for public health and there are still many research areas to open.
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the tumor plays an important role in the development of cancer through its ability to modify some of the vital signals perceived by cancer cells associated with cancer [9]. Experimental evidence has demonstrated that the structure and composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of tumor-affected breast tissue undergoes alteration [10] , especially its collagenous component [11]. Collagen is a major component of the ECM and is increasingly recognized to play a critical role in regulating breast cancer progression. Although most research on collagen in breast cancer has focused on type I collagen (Col1), and many reports have documented a negative correlation between Col1 expression and prognosis in breast cancer patients, collagen types IV, V, VI, and XVIII have also been implicated in modulation of breast cancer cell activities and fate [12] [13]. There are many types of breast cancer; most common types are ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma and invasive lobular carcinoma. Most breast cancers are carcinomas. There are other less common types of breast cancers, such as sarcomas, phyllodes, Paget disease, and angiosarcomas which start in the cells of the muscle, fat, or connective tissue [14].
However, there is a frequent intervening between these different breast cancer entities. Also, the components of some of these malignant lesions mimic the components of some benign breast lesions. Consequently, sometimes, the precise diagnosis requires the application of extra more sophisticated techniques, which might not be available in some settings, particular for inclusion and exclusion criteria for some researches. Thus, there is a need for an easy and cost-effective method to fulfill this. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the histochemical pattern of collagen fibers in the benign and malignant breast lesions, to use it to classify breast lesions, as well as, to stimulate the future concept of changing the qualitative consideration of collagen fibers to quantitative measurement.
2. Materials and Methods
This study involved 50 samples collected from women with breast lesions. All samples were in the form of formalin fixed paraffin tissue blocks. Out of 50 samples, 25 were malignant breast lesions, and 25 were benign breast tumor. The tissue samples were collected from histopathology laboratory in Ribat University Hospital, Khartoum state-Sudanin December 2017. The sample included a whole coverage of malignant samples within one year in one diagnostic laboratory and random selection of 25 benign samples regardless of diagnosis. Master sheets were used to retrieve all patients records and sample data; age and type of breast cancer. Two sections of 4 µ in thickness were cut from each block using Leica microtome (Leica Microsystems, NussiochGmbll, model: RM 2125RT, ser NO. 8843/04-2005-China). Then each section was floated in 70% ethanol and water bath (Electrothermalser NO. 18861434-China) at 40c0, consecutively. Each floated section was mounted on frosted end slide. All slides contained sections were dried in a dry oven (WTC binder 7200 TUTTLINGEN, B28, NO. 88485-USA) at 60c0 for 30 minutes. Subsequently, one section was stained applying Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) staining to confirm the diagnosis and the other one was stained by Van-gieson staining to detect collagen fiber. H&E (Mayer’s) and Van-gieson staining methods were achieved according to standard procedure technique, described in [15].
2.1. Ethical Consent
The study was approved by Ethical Review Board, College of Applied Medical Science, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia. In addition to the fact, the authors followed the tenants of the Declaration of Helsinki.
2.2. Statistical Analysis
For all statistical analyses including frequencies and cross-tabulations, the SPSS statistical software version 16 was used. Pearson chi-square test was used and P. values of 0.05 or less were regarded as statistically significant.
3. Results
This study investigated 50 patients with different breast lesions, their ages ranging from 17 to 85 years with a mean age of 39 years. All study subjects were females. With regard to the age of the patients, the majority of patients were at age group ≤ 25 years constituting 13/50 (26%) followed by age range 36 - 45 years representing 12/50 (24%). The majority of patients with benign lesions were at age group ≤ 25years followed by 26 - 35, 46 - 55 and 36 - 45 constituting 12/25 (48%), 5/25 (20%), 4/25 (16%) and 3/25 (12%), respectively. For the patients with malignant lesions the majority were found at age group 36 - 45 years followed by 56+, 26 - 36 and 36 - 45 years representing 9/25 (36%), 8/25 (32%), 4/25 (16%), and 3/25 (12%), respectively, as indicated in Table 1, Figure 1.
With regard to the breast lesion type, about 21/50 (84%) the malignant lesions were ductal carcinoma and the remaining 4/25 (16%) were lobular carcinoma. Moreover, the majority of benign lesions were fibrocystic changes constituting 19/25 (76%) followed by fibroadenoma representing 4/25 (16%), as indicated in Table 2, Figure 2. On the other hand, most of ductal carcinoma cases were found at age group 36 - 45 years and equally in 56+ years representing 7/21 (33.3%) for each. Half (50%) cases of lobular carcinoma were found at age range 36 - 45 years. The great majority of fibrocystic changes were found at age group ≤ 25 years representing 9/19 (47.4%). About 2/4 (%) and 2/4 (%) of the cases of fibroadenoma were found in age ranges, ≤25 years and 26 - 35 years, correspondingly, as shown in Table 2, Figure 2.
Table 3 summarized the distribution of benign and malignant lesions by the intensity of collagen fibers. In general, the presence of collagen fibers in breasts carcinomas compared to other benign breast lesions was statistically significant, the 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and the Odd Ratio (OR): OR (95% CI) = 9.3333 (1.0523 to 82.7832), P = 0.0449. The majority of ductal carcinoma tissues were found with ++ collagen intensity. Hence, the majority of lobular CA was found with + intensity, as shown in Figure 3, Photomicrographs 1-3.
Figure 1. Description of the study subjects by age and lesions type.
Figure 2. Description of the study subjects by age and benign and malignant lesions type.
Figure 3. Description of benign and malignant lesions by the intensity of collagen fibers.
Photomicrograph 1. Section obtained from patient with breast cancer, H & E staining 100×.
Photomicrograph 2. Section obtained from the patient with breast cancer, showing dese collagen fibers (+) Van-gieson staining 100×.
Photomicrograph 3. Section obtained from patient with breast cancer, showing dese collagen fibers (+++) Van-gieson staining 100×.
Table 1. Distribution of the study subjects by age and lesion type.
Table 2. Distribution of the study subjects by age and benign and malignant lesions type.
Table 3. Distribution of benign and malignant lesions by the intensity of collagen fibers.
4. Discussion
Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed among women worldwide. It is also the second leading cause of death among women after lungs cancer. Scientist, clinician and physician are putting huge efforts to overcome the incidences related to the all types of cancer and breast cancers as well. Breast cancer possesses a huge challenge to find out the effective molecular target because of its diverse types and complicated nature [16]. Fortunately, significant improvements have been made in order to effective diagnostic and treatment of breast cancer, in this report, we aimed to screen the 50 breast cancer patients visited Ribat University Hospital, Khartoum State-Sudan. Various parameters such as HE was used to confirm malignant tumor and Van-gieson was to detect collagen fiber. Furthermore, we analyzed on the basis of benign and malignant nature as well as its association with different age groups. We further analyzed the benign and malignant tumor with its intensity of collagen fibers and lesion types. I found that young women age of below 25 are susceptible to develop benign breast tumor and malignant lesions while the women above the age 35 are more are susceptible for malignant lesion more in compare to young women below 25. Our result also demonstrated that women up to the age of 45 are more risk to fibrocytic changes and fibroadenoma while women over the age of 45 are more susceptible to ductal carcinoma. While looking at the distribution of benign and malignant lesions by the intensity of collagen fibers we found that most of the cases were positive to collagen intensity related to ductal carcinoma. In contrast, approximately similar cases collagen negative was observed which was associated with fibrocystic changes. An increase in the incidence of ductal carcinoma of the breast has been documented, and concerns regarding overly aggressive treatment have been raised. The incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast has risen dramatically in the United States. Before 1980, DCIS was rarely diagnosed [17] but currently more than 14% of breast cancers diagnosed in the United States are DCIS. About one in every 1300 screening mammographic examinations will lead to the diagnosis of DCIS [18]. According to our study most of the case after the age of 25 is reported to develop ductal carcinoma and with growing age women displayed significantly high risk to develop this DC's. Similarly, Lobular carcinoma is also displayed a risk factor with growing age, these findings are consistent with the growing incidents of the ductal carcinoma in women after the age of 35. Fibrocystic changes (FCCs) are the most frequent benign conditions of the breast, diagnosed in 50% of women examined clinically and in 90% of women in histopathological studies. These benign disorders have two important implications from breast cancer diagnosis and management. First, FCCs can mimic breast cancer on clinical examination, mammography and breast ultrasonography, leading to unnecessary breast biopsies and patient anxiety. Second, some types of FCCs represent a risk factor for the subsequent development of breast cancer [19]. Numerous studies have demonstrated the clinical importance of FCCs, related to the high prevalence of the condition, the considerable impact on quality of life and the increased breast cancer risk for women with proliferative lesions [20]. In our study, we found that most of the case under the age of 25 are reported to develop Fibrocystic changes and out of 50 patients total 19 patients reported fibrocystic changes, among them 9 women were under age of 25 which suggests that young women are a high risk of developing FCs in this population.
Collagen is an important protein within the extracellular matrix (ECM) of normal and malignant tissues. In normal breast tissue, increased collagen is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer and increased disease aggressiveness. Recent studies of intra-tumor collagen demonstrate that collagen fiber alignment and density associated with aggressive disease and increased invasion [11]. Furthermore, a high density of interconnected collagen fibers within the ECM of tumors can block the diffusion of drugs into the tumor [21]. In our experiment, we observed different cases with collage positive and negative. Most patients with ductal CA were collagen positive however the cases with fibrocystic changes found collagen negative and less intensely positive. Other cases such as Lobular CA and Papilloma were also collagen negative; these results supported the notion ongoing detection of the collagen in the malignant tissue are an indication of malignant breast tumor.
Our study has several limitations. First, it was conducted on population-based data, and the volume of the cases are also limited information of patients, and no information of ongoing treatment therapy was provided, in addition, there was no information of tumor stage and migration status. However, detail information of detail information of age groups, identification of different lesion types (Ductal carcinoma, Lobular carcinoma, fibrocystic changes, Fibroadenoma, Papilloma and Fat necrosis), and distribution of benign and malignant lesions by the intensity of the collagen fibers, and clear staining for HE, collagen provided adequate information about the risk of different types of breast cancers to the women in different age groups. With growing age, a screening test for the breast cancer is also recommended a cases positive with doctoral carcinoma and fibrocystic changes are needed to follow up the treatment as there are high chances of malignant transformation from the benign state with age.
In summary, from our study, we can conclude that young women within the age of 25 are prone to develop benign while with they are higher risk to develop a malignant lesion. Also, young women under the age of 25 found to develop collagen negative Fibrocystic changes compared to the women with age of 35 or more found to be suffered from ductal carcinoma that was collagen positive. Our study provides the insight of the possible risk of different types of breast cancer associated with different types of age groups leading to provide novel parameter for effective treatment, diagnostic and management of women breast cancers. Our study also suggests that the patients who develop Ductal Carcinoma and Fibrocystic changes are at risk to develop, therefore, proper follow up are recommended to avoid further risk.
5. Conclusion
Collagen fiber is predominantly present in breast lesions compared to its benign breast lesions and might be helpful in differential diagnosis using cheap conventional methods. The findings of the present may stimulate further research in this context to develop a specific quantitative method for evaluation of collagen fibers in different breast lesions.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank people at Histopathology laboratory in Ribat University Hospital, Khartoum State, Sudan for giving the sample. Also, author’s deep thanks go to the Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, for providing the facilities for doing the practical work. My endless thank goes to Pro. Hussain Gadelkarim Ahmed, Head of Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Hail, for collaboration and valuable instructions.