The Pericarditis in CHU of Point G and Luxembourg: Clinical Aspects and Etiologies ()
1. Introduction
The tuberculosis always constitutes a problem of public health in particular in our countries in the South of Sahara with the coinfection of the HIV [1] . Its lung localization remains by far the most frequent. However in particular serous extra lung infringements are possible. It is most of the time about tubercular pericarditis which can be at the origin of mortal complications [2] [3] . She can arise at any age but affects especially the young subject. The objective of this study was to specify the clinical particularities and the aspects etiologies pericarditis infringements in the service of surgery B of the University Hospital of the Point G in Mali.
2. Materials and Methods
We realized a forward-looking and retrospective study from January, 2012 till December, 2017 in the service of surgery B to the University Hospital of the Point G of Bamako. All the patients were included to whom the histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of tuberculosis by the highlighting of a granulomatous pericardium inflammation. The patients to the diagnosis of tubercular pericarditis were included in this study was confirmed by the various takings. An examination of spits in search of bacilli acido-alcoho Resistance fighters (BAAR) was realized at all the patients presenting a chronic cough with expectorations.
A complete clinical examination, a cardiac ultrasound, and ECG were made at all the patients.
The studied parameters were the following ones:
• the sociodemographic data,
• the clinical signs and para clinics.
3. Results
Between January, 2012 and May, 2017, we brought together 70 cases of pericarditis left in 40 men and 30 women. The average age of the patients is of 31.5 years with extremes of 2 years and 84 years. 80% of our sick arise from disadvantaged socioeconomic circles.
3.1. The Clinical Demonstrations (Table 1)
In our series, the clinical signs differed according to the etiology of the pericarditis. The septic pericarditis is characterized by a change of the general state. During the tubercular pericarditis, the picture is sometimes insidious and latent. The dyspnea is present in every case in variable degrees. The thoracic pains are moderated most of the time, deaf, found in 40 cases, they are intense feigning angina pains at 15 patients, they are lacking at 15 patients. The friction pericardium pathognomonic the affection is found at 47 patients.
3.2. The Electrocardiography
The ECG Realized at all the patients objectified the micrvoltage, the desorders of the repolarization and the palpitation sinusale (Figure 1).
The radiography of the thorax: we noted to the radiography diverse signs (Table 2).
3.3. The Echocardiography
We found in the cardiac ultrasound realized at all the patients:
• an effusion pericardium of low abundance in 7.1%, average abundance in 34.3% and big abundance in 50% with signs of compression of the right cavities;
• signs of constriction in 8.6% (pericardium dry).
3.4. The Biological Examinations
We noted an inflammatory syndrome to 67.1% of our sick. Besides we asked for other biological examinations according to the clinical state of the patients.
3.5. The Histological Examination
The tissue pericardium was obtained by surgical drainage by xiphoïdienne way in 91.4% and during the decortication pericardium by sternotomie median in 8.6%. The tuberculosis represents the main cause of infringement pericardium, it is found at 49 sick that is 70% of the cases. Other etiologies were not specific and metastatic (Table 3).
3.6. The Evolution
The short-term evolution is favorable to 90% sick. We recorded 3 deaths (4.3%) among which 2 cases arose at HIV-positive patients. The rate of morbidity was 5.7%. It was three second offenses and an infection of the operating site.
4. Discussion
The acute and chronic pericarditis is frequent, they arise at any age with however a preference at the young adult [1] [2] [3] .
So in our study 67.1% of the sick were less than 40-year-old. A male ascendancy often described in the literature was Noticed at our patients [4] [5] [6] .
The clinical demonstrations in our study are rather comparable to those of the literature.
The change of the general state and the painful dyspnea dominate the board of the acute pericarditis, while for the subacute and chronic pericarditis, it is most of the time about a progressive installation of dyspnea and about edema of lower limbs [7] [8] [9] .
The pericardium friction is not constantly found. Indeed as in numerous studies, we observed it at 44.2% of our patients [7] [9] .
The electrocardiogram often allows evoking the diagnosis. The signs most frequently observed are the microvoltage and the disorders of the repolarization. The radiography of the thorax objectifies an increase of the cardiac volume [5] [10] . In our series, these signs were noted at the majority of our patients.
The echocardiography revolutionized the diagnosis of the effusions pericardium [2] [9] [10] .
Indeed she allows appreciating the abundance of the effusion, to reveal the signs of compression of the right cavities and to look for signs of constriction pericardium. Besides, she allows adding suggestions etiologies which remain the main problem. Indeed, if in the developed countries we attend a decline of the tuberculosis which represents only 12% of infringements pericardium [11] [12] . In Mali as in most of the developing countries, the tubercular pericarditis occupies the first row [13] .
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Table 3. Result anatomopathologic of the biopsy pericardium showing the various etiologies.
The diagnosis of the tubercular pericarditis is held on a set of épidémio-clinical, biological arguments and echocardiographic.
However in the absence of a histological confirmation difficult to obtain at most of the patients, the good evolution under antituberculous treatment adds an argument in favor of a tubercular pericarditis. The acute idiopathic pericarditis viral occupies the 2nd rank; of mild evolution they are of a symptomatic treatment.
The primitive neoplastic pericarditis is exceptional [14] .
The secondary neoplastic localizations are more frequent bound in 80% of the cases to a cancer of breast or the lung, to leukemia or to a lymphoma not hodgkinien. They are burdened by a heavy mortality.
If the short-term evolution is generally favorable except the acute accidents, the problem remains that of the constriction pericardium which complicates gladly the tubercular pericarditis.
5. Conclusion
The clinical approach to a patient reached of a pericarditis comes up against of multiple difficulties because of big diversity etiologies. The pericardium biopsy constitutes a contribution mattering in the etiologic diagnosis of the pericarditis. The tubercular etiology remains frequent in our country.