Optimization of a Si-SiO2 Waveguide Coupler for Photonic Integrated Circuits ()
1. Introduction
Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) integrate multiple photonic functional elements (such as waveguides [1] , lasers [2] , detectors [3] , modulators [4] , etc. [5] [6] [7] ) to perform a wide variety of advanced optical functions. Progress in other fields such as plasmonics [8] , meta-materials [9] , etc. has also contributed to the development of PICs. However, there are still some basic issues to be solved with optimization method, instead of using complicated fabrication or intensive parameter search.
In this paper, we first numerically demonstrate that topological optimization could be applied in designing waveguide coupler with near unity efficiency. We designed a new coupler for Si-SiO2 waveguide transition with high transmission efficiency. 100% transmission is achieved with the design based on topology optimization while introducing minimum modification in the optimization region. This technique could be potentially used in different areas of photonic device design.
2. Model Definition
The topology optimization problem for the Si-SiO2 waveguide coupler is schematically shown in Figure 1. Light at communication wavelength of 1550 nm is launched from the input port made of 430 nm thick Si (with refractive index of 3.5). To get the transmission, the outgoing power is monitored at the output port made of 1.8 μm thick SiO2. Other scattered light is absorbed by the perfectly matched layer as indicated between the two dashed lines. To get a high transmission from the Si waveguide to the SiO2 waveguide, we defined an optimization region of 2 μm × 3 μm in size. The refractive index in this region can vary from 1 to 3.5 according to the following equation.
(1)
where η is the parameter to be optimized directly. p1 is a control parameter set to be 10 so that over a large range of the value of η, nRAMP is close to either nair or nSi. η is constrained to vary between 0 and 1. nRAMP is chosen this way such that nRAMP(η = 0) = nair while nRAMP(η = 1) = nSi.
Infrared light with 1550 nm is sent from the left input port and transmission is monitored at the output port. Scattered light is absorbed by the perfectly matched layers (the region between the two dashed box).
On the other hand, we still have possibility to get refractive index that is not close nair or nSi, in which case, it will be difficult to achieve. We impose another constrain by designating a weight function (w) on every point in the optimization region. The integration over the optimization region is set to be lower bounded by 95% of its area, restricting w to be as close to unit as possible.
(2)
The Equation (2) shows that w is determined by η which is shown in Figure 2, control parameter 1 and control parameter 2 which are defined by Table 1. As shown in Figure 2, η has different value due to nRAMP and w.
3. Results and Discussions
Figure 3 shows the refractive index (left) and electric field (right) distribution of the original waveguide coupler assuming the optimization region is originally set
Figure 1. Schematic of the photonic waveguide topology optimization problem.
Figure 2. nRAMP and w as a function of η. The two functions are chosen in this way such that the optimized structure tends to choose refractive index of either nair or nSi.
Figure 3. Refractive index (left) and electric field (right) distribution of the original waveguide coupler.
Table 1. Global parameters used in the model to define structures, frequency and temperature.
to be Si. It is clear that strong scatterings towards unwanted directions and reflection occurs, resulting in only 30% transmission.
Figure 4. Refractive index (left) and electric field (right) distribution of the waveguide coupler for comparison.
Figure 5. Refractive index (left) and electric field (right) distribution of the topologically optimized waveguide coupler.
Figure 6. Norm of the electric field distribution outside the optimization region along with contours of η(x,y) = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5.
Strong light scattering outside the dielectric region can be observed from the distorted wave front. A transmission of 30% is recorded.
A first step to optimize is to simply introduce a transitional tapered region as shown in the left side of Figure 4. The refractive index in the tapered region is chosen to be 2, in between nSi and
. Simulation results on right side indicate improved transmission to 72%. Though this is more than twice than the original case, much need to be improved for real applications.
Last, we employ the method described in previous section for topology optimization with results shown in Figure 5. Although the refractive index distribution on the left side cannot give us any intuition about the final transmission results, the scattering and interference magically leads to a transmission of 100%, confirming the effectiveness of topology optimization. Moreover in Figure 6, we plot the contours of the optimization parameter η ranging from 0 to 0.5. It is clear that the regions between contours of 0.4 and 0.5 is small, indicating most regions with η < 0.5 has anRAMP close to nair and w close to unit, fulfilling our initial design goal.
Relatively uniform waveguide mode propagation in the input and output waveguide and some scattering outside the dielectric region is observed. A transmission of 72% is recorded.
Uniform waveguide mode propagation in the input and output waveguide and little scattering outside the dielectric region is observed. A transmission of 100% is recorded.
4. Conclusion
In conclusion, we have numerically studied a topological optimization problem for a Si-SiO2 waveguide coupler in photonic integrated circuits. The design features a compact footprint with minimal region removed. This method could potentially be used in optimization problems of other photonic devices.