The Expression of E-Cadherin and Vimentin in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Their Correlation with Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) ()
1. Introduction
Lung cancer is one of the most common therioma, and lung cancer is the main cause of cancer death worldwide. Metastasis is considered the critical factor in clinical treatment of tumor. However, the molecular and cellular mechanism of tumor metastasis is not well understood. Several studies showed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was involved in the tumor metastasis. EMT is a physiologic or pathologic process that allows phenotypic alteration of cells change from an epithelial to a mesenchymal phenotype and makes cancer cells to obtain invasive and metastatic ability [1]. E-cadherin and Vimentin are well known for their alternative expression and peculiar roles in EMT, and they are vital bio-markers representing epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells respectively [2]. Pathologists confirmed that EMT consisted in mammary tumor because they found reduced expression of E-cadherin [3] and over-expression of Vimentin [4] in the research of breast cancer. The aim of our study was to evaluate the expression of E-cadherin and Vimentin in cases of lung cancer, to better comprehend their relationships in EMT and to address their potential roles on the development of lung cancer.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Clinical Samples
44 patients with NSCLC had been diagnosed during period from 2009 to 2010 at the Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University were enrolled into the study: 27 patients without lymphatic metastasis and 16 patients with lymphatic metastasis. Among all the cases, 21 were squamous cell carcinomas, 20 adenocarcinomas and 2 adenosquamous carcinomas. The age of patients ranges from 23 to 85. All patients had undergone surgical resection, but no one received chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
2.2. Methods
Specimens obtained by surgical resection were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and paraffin embedded. These formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were sectioned at 5 μm thickness for standard immunohistochemical staining. The slides were deparaffinized in xylene two times, and then hydrated using graded ethanol before submitted for antigen retrieval. Briefly, antigen retrieval was carried out by microwave pretreatment in sodium citrate (pH 6.0) for 15 min; endogenous peroxidase activity was quenched by immersing slides in distilled water, containing 3.0% hydrogen peroxide for 15 min. After antigen retrieval, the slides were washed three times for 5 min each. Nonspecific antigen sites were blocked with normal 5% goat serum for 1 h. Then the sections were incubated with a mouse monoclonal E-cadherin anti-body (ready-made, MAB-0589 maixin bio, Fuzhou, China) or mouse monoclonal Vimentin anti-body (ready-made, MAB-0178, maixin bio, Fuzhou, China) over-night at 4˚C. Slides were washed in phosphat-buffered saline.and then incubated with a biotinylated horse anti mouse secondary antibody (Co Win Biotech, Beijing, China) for 60 min at room temperature.
Antigen-antibody complexes were detected with the Avidin-biotn peroxidase for 60 min at room temperature. Bound antibody was visualized with DAB (Co Win Biotech, Beijing, China). Nuclei was counter-stained with hematoxylin. Negative controls were carried out by substituting the primary antibody with PBS.
Evaluation of Immunohistochemical Staining
Immunostained sections were assessed by two pathologists independently. The positive staining of Vimentin was in the cytoplasm, while the positive of E-cadherin was in the membrane. The results were expressed according to semiquantitative rules: staining intensity:0, no staining; 1) weak staining; 2) moderate staining; 3) intense staining; Scoring of the tissue microarray: 0) less than 10% staining; 1) more than 10%, less than 25% staining; 2) more than 26%, less than 50% staining; 3) more than 51%, less than 75% staining; 4) more than 76% staining. The scores for both parameters were combined for each sample to obtain a final score.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
SPSS for windows (version 19.0) was used for statistical analyses. Correlation among different variables (gender, age, tumor primary site, lymphatic metastasis, stage at diagnosis, and smoking status) was assayed by the X2 test and Fisher’s exact test. Spearman’s model was used to investigate the relationship between E-cadherin and Vimentin. Statistical significance was declared if the p-value was < 0.05.
3. Results
The E-cadherin expression in NSCLC was 40.9% (18/44). The expression of E-cadherin was not associated with gender, age, histopathological grading or smoking status (P > 0.05), but was closely related to different clinical stages and lymphatic metastasis (P < 0.05) (Table 1, Figure 1). The expression of Vimentin in lung cancer was 25.0% (11/44).
The expression of Vimentin was not associated with gender, age, histopathological grading or smoking status (P > 0.05), but was closely related to different clinical stages and lymphatic metastasis (P < 0.05) (Table 1, Figure 1).
The expression levels of E-cadherin and Vimenin were analyzed by Spearman’s correlation test. Significant negative correlation were found between the expression of E-cadherin and Vimentin (r = −0.397, p < 0.05) (Table 2).
4. Discussion
In recent years, the incidence and the mortality of lung cancer has been increasing constantly. It is important to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of lung cancer in order to improve therapeutic outcome. EMT is considered to be involved in tumor progression, which can alter the phenotype of tumor cells and increase their ability of invasion and migration [2]. Cell phenotype change quickly and convertibly and epithelial cells lose adhesion junctions, modulating their polarity and change their cytoskeleton in EMT [5]. The EMT
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Table 1. The expression of E-cadherin and Vimentin and their associations with clinicopathologic parameters.
AdC: adenocarcinoma; SCC: squamous cell carcinoma; AC: adenosquamous carcinoma LYM metastasis: lymphatic metastasis.
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Table 2. Relations between expression of protein e-cadherin and vimentin.
was firstly defined during heart morphogenesis, the notion was extended to the formation of mesoderm and neural crest later [6]. EMT involves three main characters: a) loss or decrease of epithelial cell adhesion (some adhesion molecule) and of polarized cytoskeleton; b) change of cytokeratin of epithelial cell. c) improved cell invasion and migration. There are many proteins involving EMT, such as Cadherin, β-Catenin，Paxillin, Vimentin, slug and so on [3]. E-cadherin and Vimentin are well konwn for their selective expression in epithelial and mesenchymal cellular states respectively.
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Figure 1. The staining of E-cadherin in lung cancer. Expression of E-cadherin and Vimentin in NSLCL. (a) The negative membranous staining of E-cadherin in adenocarcinoma of lung cancer (×400); (b) The positive membranous staining of E-cadherin in adenocarcinoma of lung cancer (×400); (c) The negative membranous staining of E-cadherin in squamous carcinoma of lung cance (×400); (d) The positive membranous staining of E-cadherin in squamous carcinoma of lung cancer (×400); (e) The negative cytoplasmic staining of Vimentin in squamous carcinoma of lung cancer (×400); (f) The positive cytoplasmic staining of Vimentin in squamous carcinoma of lung cancer (×400). (g) The negative cytoplasmic staining of Vimentin in adenocarcinoma of lung cancer (×400); (h) The positive cytoplasmic staining of E-cadherin in adenocarcinoma of lung cancer (×400).
E-cadherin is a transmembrane glycoprotein that mediates calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion, expresses in the epithelial cells mostly and involves in the connects of cells extensively. E-cadherin is well regarded to remain the integrity of epithelial cells and to play an important role in differentiation of cells. Menwhile, it was reported that decreased expression of E-cadherin triggered the EMT and played vital role in invasion of cancer [7]. Vlahov N et al. [8] found the expression of E-cadherin lost mostly or partially in some malignant tumor deriving from epithelial tissues. The evidence showed that the E-cadherin lost or decreased in a range of tumors, such as breast cancer [3], lung cancer [9], pancreas cancer [10].
In our study, the positive expression rate of E-cadherin was about 41.9%, the negative expression rate of that was nearly 58.1%, which was consistent to the result reported by Stefanou D [11]. Lee YC et al. [12] showed that E-cadherin expression were higher in tumors with early stage, well differentiated and non-invasion. Meanwhile, E-cadherin expression was lower in tumors that were in late stage, poor differentiated and high invasion [13]. In our study, the normal expression rate (16.7%) of E-cadherin in advanced stage is meaningfully lower than that (51.6%) in primary stage (p = 0.037), which was also observed by others. It suggests that adhesion of tumor cells decrease and accelerate EMT as E-cadherin reduces in the progression of tumor. Prudkin L et al. [14] found low E-cadherin expression were statistically higher in squamous cell carcinoma than in adenocarcinoma of lung cancer. But in our research, we found there was no statistical correlation between expression of E-cadherin and histopathlogical grading.
Vimentin is a kind of cytoskeletal proteins, which consist in endothelial cells, fibroblasts, leukocytes and so on. It is absent in normal epithelial cells and involved in EMT. Sutoh, Yoneyama M et al. [15] showed Vimentin was up-regulated in bladder cancer. Other studies showed that the over-expression of Vimentin was associated with high invasiveness and poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma [16]. In our study, the expression rate of Vimentin was 25.6% in lung cancer. We found that the over-expressed rate of Vimentin in advanced stage (58.3%) was significantly higher than that in primary stage (12.9%, p = 0.002). Our finding showed the over-expression of Vimentin was not associated with in gender, age, histopathological grading and smoking status, but was related to TNM tumor stage.
Our study found E-cadherin had negative correlation with Vimentin, and decreased E-cadherin immunohistochemical expression was accompanied by Vimentin up-regulation in late stage, which was consistent with previous research that EMT was involved in the progression of tumor [17].
In addition, the expression rate of E-cadherin was 55.6% and that of Vimentin was 14.8% in cases without lymphatic metastasis, and the rate of them were 17.6% and 41.2% respectively in cases with lymphatic metastasis, so our results suggest that lymphatic metastasis has increased epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition expression compared with primary tumors.
Meanwhile, Dasgupta P et al. [18] showed nicotine, an active component of cigarettes, had been found to cause down-regulation of E-cadherin and up-regulation of Vimentin in lung cancer cell line A549 in vitro. The aged, smoking male tend to suffer lung squamous carcinoma from the standpoint of clinical medicine. However, we found no correlation between E-cadherin and sex, age and smoking.
In conclusion, in our study, we evaluated the expression of two proteins related to EMT phenotype throughout the progression of NSCLC, and discussed the expression of E-cadherin and Vimentin in NSCLC for clinical features to better understand the importance of EMT in the pathogenesis and progression of lung cancer.
Acknowledgements
We are sincerely gratitude to the patients enrolled in our program, their extraordinary cooperation and support makes these studies become possible.