Gap Functions and Error Bounds for Set-Valued Vector Quasi Variational Inequality Problems

Rachana Gupta^*, Aparna Mehra

Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India.

DOI: 10.4236/am.2017.812135                

Abstract

One of the classical approaches in the analysis of a variational inequality problem is to transform it into an equivalent optimization problem via the notion of gap function. The gap functions are useful tools in deriving the error bounds which provide an estimated distance between a specific point and the exact solution of variational inequality problem. In this paper, we follow a similar approach for set-valued vector quasi variational inequality problems and define the gap functions based on scalarization scheme as well as the one with no scalar parameter. The error bounds results are obtained under fixed point symmetric and locally α-Holder assumptions on the set-valued map describing the domain of solution space of a set-valued vector quasi variational inequality problem.

Keywords

Set-Valued Vector Quasi Variational Inequality Problem, Gap Function, Regularized Gap Function, Error Bounds, Fixed Point Symmetric Map, α-Holder Map

1. Introduction

Let $K\mathrm{<mo>\; :\; </mo>}{ℝ}^n\rightrightarrows {ℝ}^n$ be a set-valued map such that $K\left(x\right)$ , for any $x\in {ℝ}^n$ , is a closed convex set in ${ℝ}^n$ . Let $F_i\mathrm{<mo>\; :\; </mo>}{ℝ}^n\rightrightarrows {ℝ}^n\mathrm{,}i=\mathrm{1,}\cdots \mathrm{,}m$ be set-valued maps such that $F_i\left(x\right)\mathrm{,}i=\mathrm{1,}\cdots \mathrm{,}m$ is convex and compact for all $x\in {ℝ}^n$ . Denote by

${ℝ}_{+}^n=\left\{y=\left(y_1\mathrm{,}\cdots \mathrm{,}{y}_n\right)\in {ℝ}^n\mathrm{<mo>\; |\; </mo>}{y}_i\ge \mathrm{0,}i=\mathrm{1,}\cdots \mathrm{,}n\right\}$

$int{ℝ}_{+}^n=\left\{y=\left(y_1\mathrm{,}\cdots \mathrm{,}{y}_n\right)\in {ℝ}^n\mathrm{<mo>\; |\; </mo>}{y}_i>\mathrm{0,}i=\mathrm{1,}\cdots \mathrm{,}n\right\}$

The set-valued vector quasi variational inequality (SVQVI) problem associated with $F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m$ and K, denoted by $SVQVI\left(F_i\mathrm{,}i=\mathrm{1,}\cdots \mathrm{,}m\mathrm{<mo>\; ;\; </mo>}K\right)$ , consists of finding an $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in K\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ such that there exists

$f_i^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\in F_i\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)\mathrm{,}i=\mathrm{1,}\cdots \mathrm{,}m$

and

$\left(\langle f_1^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \mathrm{,}\langle f_2^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \mathrm{,}\cdots \mathrm{,}\langle f_m^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \right)\notin -int{ℝ}_{+}^m\mathrm{,}\forall y\in K\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)\mathrm{,}$

where $\langle \cdot \mathrm{,}\cdot \rangle$ denotes the inner product in ${ℝ}^n$ .

Throughout this work, we denote the solution set of $SVQVI\left(F_i\mathrm{,}i=\mathrm{1,}\cdots \mathrm{,}m\mathrm{<mo>\; ;\; </mo>}K\right)$ by $sol\left(SVQVI\left(F_i\mathrm{,}i=\mathrm{1,}\cdots \mathrm{,}m\mathrm{<mo>\; ;\; </mo>}K\right)\right)$ .

When the set $K\left(x\right)$ is a constant set $\bar{K}$ on ${ℝ}^n$ then $SVQVI\left(F_i\mathrm{,}i=\mathrm{1,}\cdots \mathrm{,}m\mathrm{<mo>\; ;\; </mo>}K\right)$ reduces to the following strong vector variational inequality $SVVI\left(F_i\mathrm{,}i=\mathrm{1,}\cdots \mathrm{,}m\mathrm{<mo>\; ;\; </mo>}\bar{K}\right)$ in [1] .

Find an $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in \bar{K}$ such that there exists $f_i^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\in F_i\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)\mathrm{,}i=\mathrm{1,}\cdots \mathrm{,}m$ and

$\left(\langle f_1^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \mathrm{,}\langle f_2^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \mathrm{,}\cdots \mathrm{,}\langle f_m^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \right)\notin -int{ℝ}_{+}^m\mathrm{,}\forall y\in \bar{K}\mathrm{.}$

Note that if each $F_i\mathrm{,}i=\mathrm{1,}\cdots \mathrm{,}m$ is a single-valued map, and K is a constant map $\bar{K}$ , then $SVQVI\left(F_i\mathrm{,}i=\mathrm{1,}\cdots \mathrm{,}m\mathrm{<mo>\; ;\; </mo>}K\right)$ reduces to the weak Stampacchia vector variational inequality problem ${\left(SVVI\right)}^w$ studied in [2] .

Quasi variational inequality (QVI) problems started with a pioneer work of Bensoussan and Lions in 1973. The terminology quasi variational inequality was coined by Bensoussan et al. [3] . A QVI QVI is an extension of a variational inequality (VI) [4] in which the underlying set K depends on the solution vector x. For further details on QVI and its applications in various domains, the readers can refer to [5] [6] [7] [8] and the references therein.

In 1980, Giannessi [9] introduced and studied vector variational inequality (VVI) in finite-dimensional Euclidean space. Chen and Cheng [10] studied the VVI in infinite-dimensional spaces and applied it to vector optimization problem. Lee et al. [11] [12] , Lin et al. [13] , Konnov and Yao [14] , and Daniilidis and Hadiisawas [15] studied the generalized VVI and obtained some existence results. Very recently, Charitha et al. [2] presented several scalar-valued gap functions for Stampacchia and Minty-type VVIs. A good source of material on VVI is a research monograph [16] . Motivated by the extension of VI to VVI, several researchers initiated the study of QVI for vector-valued functions, known as vector quasi variational inequalities (VQVI); see, for instance [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] and the references therein.

In this paper, we first proposed a gap function for $SVQVI\left(F_i\mathrm{,}i=\mathrm{1,}\cdots \mathrm{,}m\mathrm{<mo>\; ;\; </mo>}K\right)$ using a scalarization scheme and then developed another scalar-valued gap function for the same problem but without involving any scalar parameter. Under certain monotonicity conditions and fixed point symmetric assumptions, we developed the error bound results for both kinds of gap functions and their regularized counterparts. Further, we relaxed and replaced the fixed point symmetric condition by a locally α-Holder condition and obtained the same error bound results.

We now briefly sketch the contents of the paper. In Section 2, we present a scalarization scheme. In Section 3, we develop the classical gap function and the regularized gap function for $SVQVI\left(F_i\mathrm{,}i=\mathrm{1,}\cdots \mathrm{,}m\mathrm{<mo>\; ;\; </mo>}K\right)$ with the help of set-valued scalar quasi variational inequality (SSQVI). In Section 4, we introduce another scalar gap function and its regularized version for $SVQVI\left(F_i\mathrm{,}i=\mathrm{1,}\cdots \mathrm{,}m\mathrm{<mo>\; ;\; </mo>}K\right)$ , both free of any scalar parameter. We also develop the error bounds using fixed point symmetric hypothesis on the underlying map K. In Section 5, we showed that the same error bounds results can be obtained by relaxing the fixed point symmetric property by the α-Holder type hypothesis on K.

2. Scalarization

In this section, we investigate $SVQVI\left(F_i\mathrm{,}i=\mathrm{1,}\cdots \mathrm{,}m\mathrm{<mo>\; ;\; </mo>}K\right)$ via the scalarization approach of Mastroeni [1] and Konnov [17] . We introduce SSQVI for $SVQVI\left(F_i\mathrm{,}i=\mathrm{1,}\cdots \mathrm{,}m\mathrm{<mo>\; ;\; </mo>}K\right)$ and establish an equivalence between them under certain conditions.

Define functions $F_0\mathrm{,}F\mathrm{,}{F}^u\mathrm{<mo>\; :\; </mo>}{ℝ}^n\rightrightarrows {ℝ}^n$ by following

Ÿ $\begin{array}{l}{F}_0\left(x\right)=conv{\left\{F_i\left(x\right)\right\}}_{i=1,\cdots ,m}\\ =\left\{z\in {ℝ}^n|z={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{\sum }}}{\lambda }_i{f}_i,f_i\in F_i\left(x\right),{\lambda }_i\in {ℝ}_{+},{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{\sum }}}{\lambda }_i=1\right\}\end{array}$

Ÿ $F\left(x\right)={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{\prod }}{F}_i(\; x\; )}$

Ÿ $F^u\left(x\right)={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{\cup }}{F}_i(\; x\; )}$

Lemma 2.1. Let $F_i\left(x\right),i=1,\cdots ,m$ be nonempty subsets of ${ℝ}^n$ . Then

$F^u\left(x\right)\subseteq F_0\left(x\right)=conv\left\{F^u\left(x\right)\right\}$

where $conv$ means convex hull.

Proof. Note that for each $i=1,\cdots ,m$ , $F_i\left(x\right)\subseteq conv{\left\{F_i\left(x\right)\right\}}_{i=1,\cdots ,m}$ , hence

$F^u\left(x\right)\subseteq F_0(\; x\; )$

Moreover, $F_0\left(x\right)$ is convex, thus,

$conv\left\{{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{\cup }}}{F}_i\left(x\right)\right\}=conv\left\{F^u\left(x\right)\right\}\subseteq F_0(\; x\; )$

Conversely, let $x\in F_0\left(x\right)$ . Then, there exist $x_i\in F_i\left(x\right)\subseteq {\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{\cup }}}{F}_i\left(x\right),i=1,\cdots ,m$ and ${\lambda }_i\ge 0,i=1,\cdots ,m$ with ${\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{\sum }}}{\lambda }_i=1$ , such that $x={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{\sum }}}{\lambda }_i{x}_i$ , implying $x\in conv\left\{{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{\cup }}}{F}_i\left(x\right)\right\}$ . Hence the requisite result follows.

Proposition 2.1. [1] Let $F_i\left(x\right),i=1,\cdots ,m$ be nonempty subsets of ${ℝ}^n$ . For $x\in {ℝ}^n$ , if $F_i\left(x\right),i=1,\cdots ,m$ are compact then, $F\left(x\right)\mathrm{,}{F}^u\left(x\right)$ and $F_0\left(x\right)$ are compact.

The SSQVI associated with set-valued maps $F_0$ and K, denoted by $SSQVI\left(F_0\mathrm{,}K\right)$ , consists of finding an $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in K\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ such that there exists $f_0^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\in F_0\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ and

$\langle f_0^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \ge \mathrm{0,}\forall y\in K(\; x\; *\; )$

Throughout this paper, the solution set of $SSQVI\left(F_0\mathrm{,}K\right)$ is represented by $sol\left(SSQVI\left(F_0\mathrm{,}K\right)\right)$ .

Theorem 2.1. Consider the following

1) $F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m$ are nonempty, convex and compact valued maps.

2) $K\mathrm{<mo>\; :\; </mo>}{ℝ}^n\rightrightarrows {ℝ}^n$ is closed, convex valued map.

Then, for each $x\in {ℝ}^n$ , $sol\left(SSQVI\left(F_0,K\right)\right)=sol\left(SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)\right)$ .

Proof. Let $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in sol\left(SSQVI\left(F_0\mathrm{,}K\right)\right)$ . Then there exist $f_0^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\in F_0\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ such that

$\langle f_0^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \ge \mathrm{0,}\forall y\in K(\; x\; *\; )$

By definition of $F_0$ , there exists $\lambda \in {ℝ}_{+}^m$ , with ${\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{\sum }}}{\lambda }_i=1$ and $f_i^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\in F_i\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)\mathrm{,}i=\mathrm{1,}\cdots \mathrm{,}m$ , such that

$\langle {\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{\sum }}}{\lambda }_i{f}_i^{x^{*}},y-x^{*}\rangle \ge 0,\forall y\in K(\; x\; *\; )$

which implies that, for every $y\in K\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ , there exists an index $i_y$ , such that

$\langle f_{i_y}^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \ge 0$

It follows that

$\left(\langle f_1^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \mathrm{,}\langle f_2^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \mathrm{,}\cdots \mathrm{,}\langle f_m^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \right)\notin -int{ℝ}_{+}^m\mathrm{,}\forall y\in K(\; x\; *\; )$

so, $sol\left(SSQVI\left(F_0,K\right)\right)\subset sol\left(SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)\right)$ .

Conversely, let $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in sol\left(SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)\right)$ . Hence, $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in K\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ , and there exists $f_i^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\in F_i\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)\mathrm{,}i=\mathrm{1,}\cdots \mathrm{,}m$ , such that

$\left(\langle f_1^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \mathrm{,}\langle f_2^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \mathrm{,}\cdots \mathrm{,}\langle f_m^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \right)\notin -int{ℝ}_{+}^m\mathrm{,}\forall y\in K(\; x\; *\; )$

thus, for each $y\in K\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ , there exists an index $i_y$ such that

$\langle f_{i_y}^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \ge 0$

Observe that $f_{i_y}^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\in F_0\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ , hence for each $y\in K\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ , there exist $f_0^{*}=f_{i_y}^{x^{*}}\in F_0\left(x^{*}\right)$ such that

$\langle f_0^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\mathrm{,}{x}^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}-y\rangle \le 0$

Consequently,

$\underset{y\in K\left(x^{*}\right)}{\sup }\underset{f_0^{*}\in F_0\left(x^{*}\right)}{\min }\langle f_0^{*},x^{*}-y\rangle \le 0$

Under assumption (1) and by Proposition 2.1, $F_0\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ is convex and compact which along with assumption (2) and the minmax theorem, yields

$\underset{f_0^{*}\in F_0\left(x^{*}\right)}{\min }\underset{y\in K\left(x^{*}\right)}{\sup }\langle f_0^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\mathrm{,}{x}^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}-y\rangle \le 0$

Finally, there exists $f_0^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\in F_0\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ such that

$\langle f_0^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \ge \mathrm{0,}\forall y\in K(\; x\; *\; )$

completing the requisite result.

3. Gap Functions by Scalarization

One of the classical approaches in the analysis of VI and QVI and its different variants is to transform the inequality into an equivalent constrained or unconstrained optimization problem by means of the notion of gap function, please see, [5] [18] [19] and references cited therein. The gap functions have potential to play an important role in developing iterative algorithms for solving the inequality, analyzing the convergence properties and obtaining useful stopping rules for iterative algorithms. This prompted us to study and analyze different gap functions for $SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)$ .

Definition 3.1. A function $g\mathrm{<mo>\; :\; </mo>}{ℝ}^n\to ℝ$ is said to be a gap function for a $SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)$ on any set $\mathcal{K}\subseteq {ℝ}^n$ if it satisfies the following properties:

1) $g\left(x\right)\ge \mathrm{0,}\forall x\in \mathcal{K}$ ,

2) $g\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)=\mathrm{0,}{x}^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in \mathcal{K}\iff x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in sol\left(SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)\right)$ .

3.1. Classical Gap Function by Scalarization

Consider the function $g^{F_0}\mathrm{<mo>\; :\; </mo>}{ℝ}^n\to ℝ$ defined by

$g^{F_0}\left(x\right)=\underset{f^x\in F_0\left(x\right)}{\inf }\underset{y\in K\left(x\right)}{\sup }\langle f^x,x-y\rangle$ (1)

Theorem 3.1. Consider the following

1) $F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m$ are nonempty, convex and compact valued maps.

2) $K\mathrm{<mo>\; :\; </mo>}{ℝ}^n\rightrightarrows {ℝ}^n$ is closed, convex valued map.

Then, $g^{F_0}$ defined in (1) is a gap function for $SSQVI\left(F_0\mathrm{,}K\right)$ on $\mathcal{K}=\left\{x\in {ℝ}^n\mathrm{<mo>\; |\; </mo>}x\in K\left(x\right)\right\}$ .

Proof. Observe that, for $x\in \mathcal{K}\mathrm{,}x\in K\left(x\right)$ which implies $g^{F_0}\left(x\right)\ge 0$ .

Next for $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in \mathcal{K}\mathrm{,}{g}^{F_0}\mathrm{<mo\; stretchy="false">\; (\; </mo>}{x}^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\mathrm{<mo\; stretchy="false">\; )\; </mo>\; <mo>\; =\; </mo>0}$ if and only if

$\underset{f^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\in F_0\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)}{\inf }\underset{y\in K\left(x^{*}\right)}{\sup }\langle f^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}{x}^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}-y\rangle =0$

By Proposition 2.1, since $F_0\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ is compact set on $\mathcal{K}$ and $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in \mathcal{K}$ , there exists $f_0^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\in F_0\mathrm{<mo\; stretchy="false">\; (\; </mo>}{x}^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\mathrm{<mo\; stretchy="false">\; )\; </mo>}$ such that

$\underset{y\in K\left(x^{*}\right)}{\sup }\langle f_0^{x^{*}},x^{*}-y\rangle =0$

therefore, we have

$\langle f_0^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \ge \mathrm{0,}\forall y\in K\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)\mathrm{.}$

By invoking Theorem 2.1, $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in sol\left(SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)\right)$ .

The function $g^{F_0}$ is not differentiable, in general, an observation that leads to consider the regularized gap function.

3.2. Regularized Gap Function by Scalarization

For any $\theta >0$ , consider the function $g_{\theta }^{F_0}\mathrm{<mo>\; :\; </mo>}{ℝ}^n\to ℝ$ defined by

$g_{\theta }^{F_0}\left(x\right)=\underset{f^x\in F_0\left(x\right)}{\inf }\underset{y\in K\left(x\right)}{\sup }\left(\langle f^x\mathrm{,}x-y\rangle -\frac{1}{2\theta }{\Vert x-y\Vert }^2\right)$

If, for $x\in {ℝ}^n$ , each $F_i\left(x\right)\mathrm{,}i=\mathrm{1,}\cdots \mathrm{,}m$ is a compact set and $K\left(x\right)$ is a convex set, then by the minimax theorem

$g_{\theta }^{F_0}\left(x\right)=\underset{y\in K\left(x\right)}{\sup }\underset{f^x\in F_0\left(x\right)}{\inf }\left(\langle f^x,x-y\rangle -\frac{1}{2\theta }{\Vert x-y\Vert }^2\right)=\underset{y\in K\left(x\right)}{\sup }h\left(x\mathrm{,}y\right)$

where $h\left(x\mathrm{,}y\right)=\underset{f^x\in F_0\left(x\right)}{\inf }\left(\langle f^x\mathrm{,}x-y\rangle -\frac{1}{2\theta }{\Vert x-y\Vert }^2\right)$ .

Since $h\left(x\mathrm{,}\cdot \right)$ is a strongly concave function in y so has unique maxima over closed convex set $K\left(x\right)$ , then follow from [20] (Chapter 4, Theorem 1.7), $g_{\theta }^{F_0}$ is differentiable on ${ℝ}^n$ .

Note that if $F_0\left(x\right)$ is a singleton then this gap function reduces to the regularized gap function for QVI proposed by Taji [19] .

Theorem 3.2. Consider the following

1) $F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m$ are nonempty, convex and compact valued maps.

2) $K\mathrm{<mo>\; :\; </mo>}{ℝ}^n\rightrightarrows {ℝ}^n$ is closed, convex valued map.

Then, $g_{\theta }^{F_0}$ is a gap function for $SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)$ over $\mathcal{K}$ .

Proof. Clearly, for $x\in \mathcal{K}$ , $g_{\theta }^{F_0}\left(x\right)\ge 0$ .

Let $g_{\theta }^{F_0}\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)=0$ and $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in \mathcal{K}$ . Then,

$\underset{f^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\in F_0\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)}{\inf }\underset{y\in K\left(x^{*}\right)}{\sup }\left(\langle f^{x^{*}},x^{*}-y\rangle -\frac{1}{2\theta }{\Vert x^{*}-y\Vert }^2\right)=0$

Under assumption (1) and by Proposition 2.1, there exists $f_0^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\in F_0\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ such that

$\underset{y\in K\mathrm{<mo\; stretchy="false">\; (\; </mo>}{x}^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\mathrm{<mo\; stretchy="false">\; )\; </mo>}}{{\displaystyle sup}}\mathrm{<mo\; stretchy="false">\; (\; </mo>}\langle f_0^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}{x}^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}-y\rangle -\frac{1}{2\theta }{\Vert x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}-y\Vert }^2\mathrm{<mo\; stretchy="false">\; )\; </mo>\; <mo>\; =\; </mo>0,}$

which implies

$\langle f_0^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}{x}^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}-y\rangle -\frac{1}{2\theta }{\Vert x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}-y\Vert }^2\le \mathrm{0,}\forall y\in K(\; x\; *\; )$

Take an arbitrary point $z\in K\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ , and define a sequence of vectors $y_k$ as

$y_k=x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}+\frac{1}{k}\left(z-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)\mathrm{,}k\in \mathbb{N}$

$K\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ being convex, so $y_k\in K\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)\mathrm{,}k\in \mathbb{N}$ , therefore

$\langle f_0^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}{x}^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}-y_k\rangle \le \frac{1}{2\theta }{\Vert x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}-y_k\Vert }^2$

which when $k\to \infty$ yields

$\langle f_0^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}z-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \ge 0$

Hence $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in sol\left(SSQVI\left(F_0\mathrm{,}K\right)\right)$ , which implies that $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in sol\left(SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)\right)$ also.

Conversely, let $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in sol\left(SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)\right)$ . Then, by Theorem 2.1, $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in sol\left(SSQVI\left(F_0\mathrm{,}K\right)\right)$ . Hence $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in K\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ and there exists $f_0^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\in F_0\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ such that

$\underset{y\in K\left(x^{*}\right)}{\sup }\langle f_0^{x^{*}}\mathrm{,}{x}^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}-y\rangle \le 0$

therefore

$g_{\theta }^{F_0}\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)=\underset{f^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\in F_0\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)}{\inf }\underset{y\in K\left(x^{*}\right)}{\sup }\left(\langle f^{x^{*}},x^{*}-y\rangle -\frac{1}{2\theta }{\Vert x^{*}-y\Vert }^2\right)\le 0$

But $g_{\theta }^{F_0}\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)\ge 0$ , which gives $g_{\theta }^{F_0}\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)=0$ .

4. Another Scalar Gap Functions for SVQVI

In previous section, we used the scalarization parameter $\lambda$ in constructing $SSQVI\left(F_0\mathrm{,}K\right)$ and then studied the gap function for $SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)$ . It is interesting to ask whether one can develop a gap function for $SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)$ without taking help of $SSQVI\left(F_0\mathrm{,}K\right)$ . We make an attempt to construct such a gap function in the discussion to follow. But first a notation.

Let $x\mathrm{,}y\in K\left(x\right)$ and let $f^x=\left(f_1^x\mathrm{,}\cdots \mathrm{,}{f}_m^x\right)\in F\left(x\right)$ . Then, $f_i^x\in F_i\left(x\right)\mathrm{,}i=\mathrm{1,}\cdots \mathrm{,}m$ and denote

$\langle f^x\mathrm{,}y-x\rangle \mathrm{<mo>\; =\; </mo>\; <mo\; stretchy="false">\; (\; </mo>}\langle f_1^x\mathrm{,}y-x\rangle \mathrm{,}\langle f_2^x\mathrm{,}y-x\rangle \mathrm{,}\dots \mathrm{,}\langle f_m^x\mathrm{,}y-x\rangle \mathrm{<mo\; stretchy="false">\; )\; </mo>,}$

i.e., $\langle f_i^x\mathrm{,}y-x\rangle$ is the i^th component of the vector $\langle f^x\mathrm{,}y-x\rangle \mathrm{,}i=\mathrm{1,}\cdots \mathrm{,}m$ .

4.1. Classical Gap Function

Define a function $g\mathrm{<mo>\; :\; </mo>}{ℝ}^n\to ℝ$ such that

$g\left(x\right)=\underset{f^x\in F\left(x\right)}{\inf }\underset{y\in K\left(x\right)}{\sup }\underset{1\le i\le m}{\min }\langle f_i^x,x-y\rangle$ (2)

Theorem 4.1. Consider the following

1) $F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m$ are nonempty, convex and compact valued.

2) $K\mathrm{<mo>\; :\; </mo>}{ℝ}^n\rightrightarrows {ℝ}^n$ is closed, convex valued map.

Then, g defined in (2) is a gap function for $SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)$ on $\mathcal{K}=\left\{x\in {ℝ}^n\mathrm{<mo>\; |\; </mo>}x\in K\left(x\right)\right\}$ .

Proof. Since $x\in \mathcal{K}$ , so $x\in K\left(x\right)$ which implies $g\left(x\right)\ge 0$ .

Consider $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in \mathcal{K}$ . We observe that $g\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)=0$ if and only if there exists $f^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\in F\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ such that

$\underset{y\in K\left(x^{*}\right)}{\sup }\underset{1\le i\le m}{\min }\langle f_i^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}{x}^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}-y\rangle =0$

that is,

$\underset{1\le i\le m}{\min }\langle f_i^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \ge \mathrm{0,}\forall y\in K(\; x\; *\; )$

Equivalently,

$\langle f^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \notin -int{ℝ}_{+}^m\mathrm{,}\forall y\in K(\; x\; *\; )$

Hence, $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in sol\left(SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)\right)$ .

Proposition 4.1. For each $x\in {ℝ}^n$ , $g^{F_0}\left(x\right)\ge g\left(x\right)$ .

Proof. Let $x\in {ℝ}^n$ and $f_0^x\in F_0\left(x\right)$ . Then there exist $f_i^x\in F_i\left(x\right)$ or equivalently, $f^x=\left(f_1^x\mathrm{,}\cdots \mathrm{,}{f}_m^x\right)\in F\left(x\right)$ and ${\lambda }_i\ge 0,i=1,\cdots ,m$ with ${\displaystyle {\sum }_{i=1}^m}{\lambda }_i=1$ such that $f_0^x={\displaystyle {\sum }_{i=1}^m}{\lambda }_i{f}_i$ . For any $y\in K\left(x\right)$ ,

$\underset{1\le i\le m}{\min }\langle f_i^x,x-y\rangle \le \langle {\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{\sum }}}{\lambda }_i{f}_i^x,x-y\rangle =\langle f_0^x,x-y\rangle$

It follows that

$g\left(x\right)=\underset{f^x\in F\left(x\right)}{\inf }\underset{y\in K\left(x\right)}{\sup }\underset{1\le i\le m}{\min }\langle f_i^x,x-y\rangle \le \underset{f_0^x\in F_0\left(x\right)}{\inf }\underset{y\in K\left(x\right)}{\sup }\langle f_0^x,x-y\rangle =g^{F_0}(\; x\; )$

We now attend to our prime aim that to develop the error bounds for $SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)$ . We shall be needing the following concepts.

Definition 4.1. [1] A set-valued map $F\mathrm{<mo>\; :\; </mo>}{ℝ}^n\rightrightarrows {ℝ}^n$ is said to be strongly monotone with modulus $\mu >0$ on ${ℝ}^n$ if, for any $x\mathrm{,}y\in {ℝ}^n$ ,

$\langle f^x-f^y\mathrm{,}x-y\rangle \ge \mu {\Vert x-y\Vert }^2\mathrm{,}\forall f^x\in F\left(x\right)\mathrm{,}{f}^y\in F(\; y\; )$

F is said to be monotone if the above inequality holds with $\mu =0$ . F is said to be strictly monotone if it is monotone and the strict relation in the above inequality holds when $x\ne y$ .

Remark 4.1. Let $F_1\mathrm{,}{F}_2\mathrm{<mo>\; :\; </mo>}{ℝ}^n\rightrightarrows {ℝ}^n$ be two set-valued maps with $F_1\left(x\right)\subseteq F_2\left(x\right)$ for any $x\in {ℝ}^n$ . Note that, if $F_2$ is strongly monotone with modulus $\mu >0$ (respectively, monotone and strictly monotone) on ${ℝ}^n$ then, $F_1$ is also strongly monotone with modulus $\mu >0$ (respectively, monotone and strictly monotone) on ${ℝ}^n$ . Consequently, recall if $F^u$ is strongly monotone with modulus $\mu >0$ (respectively, monotone and strictly monotone) on ${ℝ}^n$ then, each $F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m$ is strongly monotone with modulus $\mu >0$ (respectively, monotone and strictly monotone) on ${ℝ}^n$ .

Remark 4.2. Note that if $F^u$ is strongly monotone with modulus $\mu$ on any set $S\subseteq {ℝ}^n$ then each $F_i$ is strongly monotone with modulus $\mu$ on $S$ [1] . However, the converse, in general, may not hold. For instance, consider two maps $F_1\mathrm{,}{F}_2\mathrm{<mo>\; :\; </mo>}ℝ\rightrightarrows ℝ$ as $F_1\left(x\right)=\left\{x\right\}$ and $F_2\left(x\right)=\left\{3x\right\}$ . Then, $F_1\mathrm{,}{F}_2$ are strongly monotone on $ℝ$ with modulus 1 and 3 respectively. But for $x=1$ , $y=2$ ; $3\in F^u\left(1\right)$ , $2\in F^u\left(2\right)$ , we have, $\langle 3-2,1-2\rangle =-1$ , which means $F^u$ is not strongly monotone (not even monotone) map on $ℝ$ .

Definition 4.2. [5] A set-valued map $K\mathrm{<mo>\; :\; </mo>}{ℝ}^n\rightrightarrows {ℝ}^n$ is said to be fixed point symmetric if for all $x\in \mathcal{K}=\left\{x\in {ℝ}^n\mathrm{<mo>\; |\; </mo>}x\in K\left(x\right)\right\}$ , we have,

if $y\in K\left(x\right)$ then $x\in K(\; y\; )$

The following result provides an error bound in terms of scalar gap function (without scalarize parameter) under strong monotonicity of $F^u$ map and fixed pint symmetric $K$ map.

Theorem 4.2. Let $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in sol\left(SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)\right)$ . Suppose the following hold

1) $F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m$ are nonempty, convex, compact valued.

2) $K$ is closed, convex valued and fixed point symmetric map.

3) $F^u$ is strongly monotone with modulus $\mu >0$ on $\mathcal{K}$ .

Then, for $x\in K\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ , we have

$\Vert x-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\Vert \le \sqrt{\frac{g\left(x\right)}{\mu }}$ (3)

Proof. Since $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in sol\left(SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)\right)$ , there exists $f_i^{x^{*}}\in F_i\left(x^{*}\right),i=1,\cdots ,m$ such that

$\left(\langle f_1^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \mathrm{,}\langle f_2^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \mathrm{,}\cdots \mathrm{,}\langle f_m^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \right)\notin -int{ℝ}_{+}^m\mathrm{,}\forall y\in K(\; x\; *\; )$

For $y=x$ , we have

$\left(\langle f_1^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}x-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \mathrm{,}\langle f_2^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}x-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \mathrm{,}\cdots \mathrm{,}\langle f_m^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}x-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \right)\notin -int{ℝ}_{+}^m$

Therefore, there exists an index $i_x$ such that $f_{i_x}^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\in F_{i_x}\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)\subseteq F^u\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ and

$\langle f_{i_x}^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}x-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \ge 0$ (4)

Now, from the definition of $g\left(x\right)$ and by Proposition 2.1, there exists $f^x\in F\left(x\right),f^x=\left(f_1^x,\cdots ,f_m^x\right)$ such that

$g\left(x\right)=\underset{y\in K\left(x\right)}{\sup }\underset{1\le i\le m}{\min }\langle f_i^x,x-y\rangle$

which gives

$g\left(x\right)\ge \underset{1\le i\le m}{\min }\langle f_i^x,x-y\rangle \mathrm{,}\forall y\in K(\; x\; )$

Since $x\in K\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ , by fixed point symmetric property of $K$ , $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in K\left(x\right)$ , thus taking $y=x^{*}$ in above inequality, we have

$g\left(x\right)\ge \underset{1\le i\le m}{\min }\langle f_i^x\mathrm{,}x-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle$ (5)

For $f_i^x\in F_i\left(x\right)\subseteq F^u\left(x\right),i=1,\cdots ,m$ , by strongly monotonicity of $F^u$ and (4), we get

$g\left(x\right)\ge \underset{1\le i\le m}{\min }\langle f_i^x-f_{i_x}^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}x-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle +\langle f_{i_x}^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}x-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \ge \mu {\Vert x-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\Vert }^2$ (6)

Hence, for any $x\in K\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ ,

$\Vert x-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\Vert \le \sqrt{\frac{g\left(x\right)}{\mu }}$

Remark 4.3. We observed that the strong monotonicity of $F^u$ (that is, assumption (3)) is used only to obtain relation (6). A careful examination reveals that even the following condition can help us to achieve the same error bound for $SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)$ :

For any $x\in K\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ and for any $f^x=\left(f_1^x,\cdots ,f_m^x\right)\in F\left(x\right)$ , there exists an index $j\in \left\{\mathrm{1,}\cdots \mathrm{,}m\right\}$ , and $f_j^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\in F_j\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ satisfying (4) and

$\underset{1\le i\le m}{\min }\langle f_i^x-f_j^{x^{*}},x-x^{*}\rangle \ge \mu {\Vert x-x^{*}\Vert }^2$ (7)

Hence the error bound given in (3) is valid for $SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)$ because under assumption (3) of Theorem 4.2, the set-valued maps $F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m$ always satisfy (7).

In particular, if $K$ is a constant map $\bar{K}$ and each $F_i$ is a single-valued map, then (7) states that for any $x\in \bar{K}$ , there exists an index $j$ such that

$\underset{1\le i\le m}{\min }\langle F_i\left(x\right)-F_j\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)\mathrm{,}x-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \ge \mu {\Vert x-x^{*}\Vert }^2$ (8)

For instant, take $F_1\mathrm{,}{F}_2\mathrm{<mo>\; :\; </mo>}ℝ\rightrightarrows ℝ$ given as $F_1\left(x\right)=\left\{2x\right\}$ and $F_2\left(x\right)=\left\{x-\frac{1}{2}\right\}$ and $\bar{K}=\left[-1,+1\right]$ . For this, $sol\left(SVVI\left(F_1,F_2;K\right)\right)=\left[0,\frac{1}{2}\right]$ . In this case $F^u$ is

not strongly monotone that means assumption (3) of Theorem 4.2 fails but the error bound Formula (3) remains valid because $F_1\mathrm{,}{F}_2$ satisfy (8).

In light of Proposition 4.1, the following is immediate.

Corollary 4.2.1. Let $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in sol\left(SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)\right)$ . Suppose the following hold

1) $F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m$ are nonempty, convex, compact valued.

2) $K$ is closed, convex valued and fixed point symmetric map.

3) $F^u$ is strongly monotone with modulus $\mu >0$ on ${ℝ}^n$ .

Then, for $x\in K\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ ,

$\Vert x-x^{*}\Vert \le \sqrt{\frac{g^{F_0}\left(x\right)}{\mu }}$

Similar to $g^{F_0}$ , the gap function $g$ is not differentiable leading to define the regularized gap function for $SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)$ .

4.2. Regularized Gap Function

For $\theta >0$ , define a function $g_{\theta }\mathrm{<mo>\; :\; </mo>}{ℝ}^n\to ℝ$ as

$g_{\theta }\left(x\right)=\underset{f^x\in F\left(x\right)}{\inf }\underset{y\in K\left(x\right)}{\sup }\underset{1\le i\le m}{\min }\left(\langle f_i^x,x-y\rangle -\frac{1}{2\theta }{\Vert x-y\Vert }^2\right)$ (9)

For each x, define the function

$\phi \left(x\mathrm{,}y\right)\mathrm{<mo>\; =\; </mo>}\underset{1\le i\le m}{\min }\left(\langle f_i^x,x-y\rangle -\frac{1}{2\theta }{\Vert x-y\Vert }^2\right)$

Here, $\phi \left(x\mathrm{,.}\right)$ is a strongly concave function of y. When $K\left(x\right)$ is a closed convex set for any $x\in {ℝ}^n$ then, $\phi \left(x\mathrm{,.}\right)$ attains maximum at a unique point in $K\left(x\right)$ . If $F\left(x\right)$ is a compact set in ${ℝ}^m$ then, it follow from [20] (Chapter 4, Theorem 1.7), $g_{\theta }$ is differentiable.

Theorem 4.3. Consider the following

1) $F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m$ are nonempty, convex and compact valued.

2) $K\mathrm{<mo>\; :\; </mo>}{ℝ}^n\rightrightarrows {ℝ}^n$ is closed, convex valued map.

Then, $g_{\theta }$ defined in (9) is a gap function for $SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)$ over the set $\mathcal{K}$ .

Proof. Since $x\in \mathcal{K}$ , so $x\in K\left(x\right)$ which implies $g_{\theta }\left(x\right)\ge 0$ .

Let $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in \mathcal{K}$ . We observe that $g_{\theta }\left(x^{*}\right)=0$ if there exists $f^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\in F\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ such that

$\underset{y\in K\left(x^{*}\right)}{\sup }\underset{1\le i\le m}{\min }\left\{\langle f_i^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}{x}^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}-y\rangle -\frac{1}{2\theta }{\Vert x-y\Vert }^2\right\}=0$

By similar arguments given in Theorem 3.2, we can work out that

$\underset{1\le i\le m}{\min }\langle f_i^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}{x}^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}-y\rangle \le \mathrm{0,}\forall y\in K(\; x\; *\; )$

which is equivalent to

$\langle f^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \notin -int{ℝ}_{+}^m\mathrm{,}\forall y\in K(\; x\; *\; )$

that is, $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in sol\left(SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)\right)$ .

For the converse part, let $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in sol\left(SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)\right)$ . Then $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in K\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ and there exists $f_i^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\in F_i\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)\mathrm{,}i=\mathrm{1,}\cdots \mathrm{,}m$ such that

$\left(\langle f_1^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \mathrm{,}\langle f_2^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \mathrm{,}\cdots \mathrm{,}\langle f_m^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \right)\notin -int{ℝ}_{+}^m\mathrm{,}\forall y\in K(\; x\; *\; )$

Hence for any arbitrary but fixed $z\in K\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ , there exists an index $i_z$ , depending on $z$ , and there exists $f_{i_z}^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\in F_{i_z}\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ , such that

$\langle f_{i_z}^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}{x}^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}-z\rangle \le 0$

In other words,

$\underset{1\le i\le m}{\min }\left\{\langle f_i^{x^{*}},x^{*}-y\rangle -\frac{1}{2\theta }{\Vert x^{*}-y\Vert }^2\right\}\le 0,\forall y\in K(\; x\; *\; )$

which implies

$g_{\theta }\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)=\underset{f^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\in F\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)}{\inf }\underset{y\in K\left(x^{*}\right)}{\sup }\underset{1\le i\le m}{\min }\left(\langle f_i^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}{x}^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}-y\rangle -\frac{1}{2\theta }{\Vert x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}-y\Vert }^2\right)\le 0$

We conclude that $g_{\theta }\left(x^{*}\right)=0$ , and hence the result follows.

Theorem 4.4. Let $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in sol\left(SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)\right)$ . Suppose the following hold

1) $F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m$ are nonempty, convex, compact valued.

2) $K$ is closed, convex valued and fixed point symmetric map.

3) $F^u$ is strongly monotone with modulus $\mu >0$ on $\mathcal{K}$ .

Then, for $\theta >\frac{1}{2\mu }$ and for any $x\in K\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ ,

$\Vert x-x^{*}\Vert \le \sqrt{\frac{g_{\theta }\left(x\right)}{\left(\mu -\frac{1}{2\theta }\right)}}$

Proof. Since $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in sol\left(SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)\right)$ , there exists $f_i^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\in F_i\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)\mathrm{,}i=\mathrm{1,}\cdots \mathrm{,}m$ such that

$\left(\langle f_1^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \mathrm{,}\langle f_2^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \mathrm{,}\cdots \mathrm{,}\langle f_m^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \right)\notin -int{ℝ}_{+}^m\mathrm{,}\forall y\in K(\; x\; *\; )$

Taking $y=x\in K\left(x^{*}\right)$ , we have

$\left(\langle f_1^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}x-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \mathrm{,}\langle f_2^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}x-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \mathrm{,}\cdots \mathrm{,}\langle f_m^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}x-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \right)\notin -int{ℝ}_{+}^m$

There exists an index $i_x$ such that $f_{i_x}^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\in F_{i_x}\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)\subseteq F^u\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ , and

$\langle f_{i_x}^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}x-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \ge 0$ (10)

Proceeding along the lines of Theorem 4.2, we can easily obtain, for $x\in K\left(x^{*}\right)$ ,

$\begin{array}{c}{g}_{\theta }\left(x\right)\ge \underset{1\le i\le m}{\min }\langle f_i^x-f_{i_x}^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}x-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle +\langle f_{i_x}^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}x-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle -\frac{1}{2\theta }{\Vert x-x^{*}\Vert }^2\\ \ge \left(\mu -\frac{1}{2\theta }\right){\Vert x-x^{*}\Vert }^2\end{array}$

where the last inequality follows from strongly monotonicity of $F^u$ and (10), yielding the requisite result.

5. Substitution of “Fixed Point Symmetric Assumption”

Aussel [5] obtained the error bounds for a SSQVI by replacing “fixed point symmetric” property on $K$ by the Holder’s type hypothesis which motivated us to see if the Holder’s type hypothesis on $K$ works for $SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)$ too.

Definition 5.1. [5] A set-valued map $K$ is said to be locally α-Holder ( $\alpha >0$ ) at a point $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in {ℝ}^n$ if there exists $\delta >0$ and $L>0$ such that for all $x\in B\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\mathrm{,}\delta \right)$

$K\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)\cap B\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\mathrm{,}\delta \right)\subset K\left(x\right)+B\left(\mathrm{0,}L{\Vert x-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\Vert }^{\alpha }\right)$

where $B$ represents a ball in ${ℝ}^n$ .

Remark 5.1. If $K\mathrm{<mo>\; :\; </mo>}{ℝ}^n\rightrightarrows {ℝ}^n$ is a fixed point symmetric map over any set $S\subseteq {ℝ}^n$ then $K$ will also be locally α-Holder ( $\alpha \ge \mathrm{1,}L\ge 1$ ) at any point $x\in S$ . However, the converse, in general, may not hold. For instance, consider Proposition 3.6 in [5] , where the constraints map $K$ is defined, for any $x\in {ℝ}^n$ , by

$K\left(x\right)=\left\{y\in {ℝ}^n\mathrm{<mo>\; |\; </mo>}\varphi \left(y\right)\le \psi \left(x\right)\right\}$

where $\varphi \mathrm{<mo>\; :\; </mo>}{ℝ}^n\to ℝ$ is a continuously differentiable function and $\psi \mathrm{<mo>\; :\; </mo>}{ℝ}^n\to ℝ$ is an α-Holder continuous on ${ℝ}^n$ . Let $x\in S$ be such that $\nabla \varphi \left(x\right)\ne 0$ . Then for some constant $\gamma$ (see Proposition 3.6 in [5] ), the constraint map $K$ is locally γ-Holder at $x\in S$ . Note that $K$ is not necessary fixed point symmetric over $S$ .

Recall the map $F^u\mathrm{<mo>\; :\; </mo>}{ℝ}^n\rightrightarrows {ℝ}^n$ . For if $F^u$ is a compact valued map then define

$M=sup\left\{\Vert f\Vert \mathrm{<mo>\; :\; </mo>}f\in F^u\left(x\right)\mathrm{,}\forall x\in \bar{B}\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\mathrm{,1}\right)\right\}$

where $\bar{B}\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\mathrm{,1}\right)$ indicates the closed unit ball in ${ℝ}^n$ centered at $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}$ .

Theorem 5.1. Let $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in sol\left(SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)\right)$ . Suppose the following hold

1) $F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m$ are nonempty, convex, compact valued.

2) $K$ is closed, convex valued and locally α-Holder with $\alpha >2$ at $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}$ and $\delta \in \left(\mathrm{0,1}\right)$ .

3) $F^u$ is strongly monotone with modulus $\mu >ML{\delta }^{\alpha -2}>0$ .

Then, for any $\theta >\frac{{\left(L+1\right)}^2}{2\left(\mu -ML{\delta }^{\alpha -2}\right)}$ , and for any

$x\in B\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\mathrm{,}\delta \right)\cap K\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ , $\Vert x-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\Vert \le \sqrt{\frac{g_{\theta }\left(x\right)}{{\rho }_{\delta }}}$

where ${\rho }_{\delta }=\left(\mu -ML{\delta }^{\alpha -2}-\frac{{\left(L+1\right)}^2}{2\theta }\right)$ .

Proof. Since $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\in sol\left(SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)\right)$ , there exists $f_i^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\in F_i\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)\mathrm{,}i=\mathrm{1,}\cdots \mathrm{,}m$ such that

$\left(\langle f_1^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \mathrm{,}\langle f_2^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \mathrm{,}\cdots \mathrm{,}\langle f_m^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}y-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \right)\notin -int{ℝ}_{+}^m\mathrm{,}\forall y\in K(\; x\; *\; )$

Taking $y=x$ in above relation

$\left(\langle f_1^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}x-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \mathrm{,}\langle f_2^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}x-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \mathrm{,}\cdots \mathrm{,}\langle f_m^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}x-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \right)\notin -int{ℝ}_{+}^m$

Hence, there exists an index $i_x$ and $f_{i_x}^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\in F_{i_x}\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ such that

$\langle f_{i_x}^{x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}}\mathrm{,}x-x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\rangle \ge 0$ (11)

Also,

$g_{\theta }\left(x\right)=\underset{f^x\in F\left(x\right)}{\inf }\underset{y\in K\left(x\right)}{\sup }\underset{1\le i\le m}{\min }\left(\langle f_i^x\mathrm{,}x-y\rangle -\frac{1}{2\theta }{\Vert y-x\Vert }^2\right)$

Using Proposition 2.1, there exists $f^x\in F\left(x\right)$ such that

$g_{\theta }\left(x\right)\ge \underset{1\le i\le m}{\min }\left(\langle f_i^x\mathrm{,}x-y\rangle -\frac{1}{2\theta }{\Vert y-x\Vert }^2\right),\forall y\in K(\; x\; )$

For any $y\in K\left(x\right)$ , there exists an index $i_y$ and $f_{i_y}^x\in F_{i_y}\left(x\right)$ such that

$g_{\theta }\left(x\right)\ge \langle f_{i_y}^x\mathrm{,}x-y\rangle -\frac{1}{2\theta }{\Vert y-x\Vert }^2$

Consequently,

$\begin{array}{c}{g}_{\theta }\left(x\right)\ge \langle f_{i_y}^x,x-y\rangle -\frac{1}{2\theta }{\Vert y-x\Vert }^2\\ =\langle f_{i_y}^x,x-x^{*}\rangle +\langle f_{i_y}^x,x^{*}-y\rangle -\frac{1}{2\theta }{\Vert y-x\Vert }^2\\ =\langle f_{i_y}^x-f_{i_x}^{x^{*}},x-x^{*}\rangle +\langle f_{i_x}^{x^{*}},x-x^{*}\rangle +\langle f_{i_y}^x,x^{*}-y\rangle -\frac{1}{2\theta }{\Vert y-x\Vert }^2\\ \ge \mu {\Vert x-x^{*}\Vert }^2+\langle f_{i_y}^x,x^{*}-y\rangle -\frac{1}{2\theta }{\left(\Vert y-x^{*}\Vert +\Vert x^{*}-x\Vert \right)}^2,\end{array}$ (12)

where the last inequality is due to assumption (3), (11) and triangular inequality of $\Vert .\Vert$ .

Since $K$ is locally α-Holder at $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}$ , for all $x\in B\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\mathrm{,}\delta \right)\cap K\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ , we have

$\Vert x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}-y\Vert \le L{\Vert x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}-x\Vert }^{\alpha }\mathrm{,}\forall y\in K(\; x\; )$

Taking into account that $\Vert x-x^{*}\Vert <1$ , inequality (12), we have, for $x\in B\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\mathrm{,}\delta \right)\cap K\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ ,

$\begin{array}{c}{g}_{\theta }\left(x\right)\ge \mu {\Vert x-x^{*}\Vert }^2-M\Vert x^{*}-y\Vert -\frac{1}{2\theta }{\left(\Vert y-x^{*}\Vert +\Vert x-x^{*}\Vert \right)}^2\\ \ge \mu {\Vert x-x^{*}\Vert }^2-ML{\Vert x-x^{*}\Vert }^{\alpha }-\frac{1}{2\theta }{\left(L{\Vert x-x^{*}\Vert }^{\alpha }+\Vert x-x^{*}\Vert \right)}^2\\ =\mu {\Vert x-x^{*}\Vert }^2-ML{\Vert x-x^{*}\Vert }^{\alpha }-\frac{1}{2\theta }\left(L^2{\Vert x-x^{*}\Vert }^{2\alpha }+2L{\Vert x-x^{*}\Vert }^{\alpha +1}+{\Vert x-x^{*}\Vert }^2\right)\\ \ge \left(\mu -ML{\Vert x-x^{*}\Vert }^{\alpha -2}-\frac{1}{2\theta }-\frac{L}{\theta }-\frac{L^2}{2\theta }\right){\Vert x-x^{*}\Vert }^2\\ \ge \left(\mu -ML{\delta }^{\alpha -2}-\frac{{\left(L+1\right)}^2}{2\theta }\right){\Vert x-x^{*}\Vert }^2={\rho }_{\delta }{\Vert x-x^{*}\Vert }^2,\end{array}$

where ${\rho }_{\delta }=\left(\mu -ML{\delta }^{\alpha -2}-\frac{{\left(L+1\right)}^2}{2\theta }\right)$ .

Then, for all $x\in B\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\mathrm{,}\delta \right)\cap K\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ , if $x\ne x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}$ we have $g_{\theta }\left(x\right)>0$ because ${\rho }_{\delta }>0$ , thus proving that $x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}$ is the unique solution of $SVQVI\left(F_i,i=1,\cdots ,m;K\right)$ over $B\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\mathrm{,}\delta \right)\cap K\left(x^{\mathrm{<mo>\; *\; </mo>}}\right)$ .

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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