On Markov Moment Problem and Mazur-Orlicz Theorem

Octav Olteanu¹, Janina Mihaela Mihăilă²

¹Department of Mathematics-Informatics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
²Department of Engineering Sciences, Ecological University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.

DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1103950                

Abstract

Applications of the generalization of Mazur-Orlicz theorem to concrete spaces are proved. Suitable moment problems are solved, as applications of extension theorems of linear operators with a convex and a concave constraint. In particular, a relationship between Mazur-Orlicz theorem and Markov moment problem is partially illustrated. In the end of this work, an application to the multidimensional Markov moment problem of an earlier extension result on a distanced subspace with respect to a bounded convex set is proved. Contrary to preceding results based on this theorem, now the solution is defined on a space of continuous functions vanishing at the origin. Most of the solutions are operator valued, respectively function valued.

Keywords

Markov Moment Problem, Inequalities, Convex Subsets, Hahn-Banach Principle, Concrete Spaces

1. Introduction

Using Hahn-Banach results and Mazur-Orlicz theorem in various applications (the moment problem, flows in infinite networks, transport problems, economic problems) is a useful technique (see [1] [2] and the references therein). In [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] , more results on Mazur-Orlicz theorem and the moment problem have been stated or (and) proved. The present work can be regarded as a continuation of the study from the latter works. Most of these results are based on extension theorems for linear operators, with two constraints (one of which is convex; the other one is concave). In the first part of this work, applications of a variant of Mazur-Orlicz theorem to concrete spaces are studied. In the second part, we solve appropriate moment problems. In most of the cases, the target-space of the solution is a space of self-adjoint operators or a function space. These are interpolation problems, with two constraints. The lower constraint is sometimes the positivity of the solution. The classical moment problem is an interpolation problem, involving the positivity of the linear functional (or operator) solution. In the case of a Markov moment problem, an “upper domination” condition appears additionally. The latter constraint controls the norm of the solution. In Mazur-Orlicz problems, the interpolation conditions are replaced by inequalities. Both these problems are Hahn-Banach type results (see [8] [9] [10] ). The main results of the second part (section 3) of this work are Theorems 3.3, 3.5. The relationship between the Mazur-Orlicz and the corresponding moment problem is illustrated by means of Theorems 2.2, 3.2 of the present work. In time, different connections of the moment problem with several other fields have been pointed out. For example, in [11] , one makes the connection to elements of fixed point theory. For the construction of a solution starting from its moments, see [6] . The same paper [6] contains connections between Markov moment problem and extreme points (Krein-Milman theorem). In solving moment problem, three aspects are studied: the existence, the uniqueness and the construction of the solution. Most of the results appearing in the present work refer to the existence of the solution. The interested reader may find results on the uniqueness of the solution in [12] [13] . The background of this work is partially based on some chapters from [14] [15] [16] . The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 contains two applications of Mazur-Orlicz theorem. In Section 3, some Markov moment problems involving concrete spaces are solved. One of these results (Theorem 3.2) is somehow related to the corresponding similar (last) statement of Section 2 (Theorem 2.2). Another theorem refers to a general extension result involving a vector subspace which is distanced with respect to a convex bounded set. The existence of a multiplicative solution on a space of continuous functions vanishing at the origin is deduced.

2. Applications of Mazur-Orlicz Theorem

We start this section by recalling the following variant of the Mazur-Orlicz Theorem [10] . This is a consequence of a Hahn-Banach type result.

Theorem 2.1. (Theorem 5 [10] ). Let $X$ be a preordered linear space, $Y$ an order-complete vector lattice, $\left\{x_j;j\in J\right\}\subset X,\left\{y_j;j\in J\right\}\subset Y$ given finite or infinite families of elements. Let $P:X\to Y$ be a sublinear operator.

The following statements are equivalent

1) there exists a linear operator $F\in L\left(X,Y\right)$ such that

$F\left(x_j\right)\ge y_j\forall j\in J,F\left(x\right)\ge 0\forall x\in X_{+},F\left(x\right)\le P\left(x\right)\forall x\in X$ (2.1)

2) for any finite subset $J_0\subset J$ and any $\left\{{\lambda }_j;j\in J_0\right\}\subset R_{+}$ , we have:

${\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }{\lambda }_j{x}_j\le x}\Rightarrow {\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }{\lambda }_j{y}_j\le P\left(x\right)}$ (2.2)

The next result of this Section uses the order relation given by the coefficients in spaces of analytic functions. On the other hand, let $H$ be a complex Hilbert $U_0\in {\rm A}\left(H\right)$ a selfadjoint operator from $H$ into $H$ . One defines

$\begin{array}{l}{Y}_1=\left\{U\in {\rm A}\left(H\right);U{U}_0=U_{0}U\right\},Y=\left\{U\in Y_1;UV=VU\forall V\in Y_1\right\},\\ Y_{+}=\left\{U\in Y;\langle U\left(h\right),h\rangle \ge 0\forall h\in H\right\}\end{array}$ (2.3)

Obviously, $Y$ defined by (2.3) is a commutative algebra of selfadjoint operators. Moreover, $Y$ is a vector lattice, being complete with respect to the order relation (cf. [14] ), and the operatorial norm on $Y$ is solid:

$\left|U\right|\le \left|V\right|\Rightarrow \Vert U\Vert \le \Vert V\Vert ,U,V\in Y$ (2.4)

The next result is an application of Theorem 2.1 to the space $X$ of all absolutely convergent power series in the disc $\left|z\right|<r$ , continuous up to the boundary, with real coefficients. The order relation is given by the coefficients: we write

${\displaystyle \underset{n\in {\rm N}}{\sum }{\lambda }_n{z}^n}\prec {\displaystyle \underset{n\in {\rm N}}{\sum }{\gamma }_n{z}^n}\iff \left({\lambda }_n\le {\gamma }_n,\forall n\in {\rm N}\right)$ (2.5)

Denote ${\phi }_n\left(z\right)=z^n,n\in {\rm N},\left|z\right|\le r$ . Let $Y$ be the space defined by (2.3), ${\left(B_n\right)}_{n\in {\rm N}}$ a sequence in $Y$ , and $U\in Y$ such that $\Vert U\Vert <r$ .

Proposition 2.1. Consider the following statements

1) there exists a linear positive bounded operator $F\in L_{+}\left(X,Y\right)$ , such that $F\left({\phi }_n\right)\ge B_n,n\in {\rm N},\left|F\left(\psi \right)\right|\le {\Vert \psi \Vert }_{\infty }r{\left(rI-U\right)}^{-1},\forall \psi \in X$ (2.6)

$\Vert F\Vert \le \frac{r}{r-\Vert U\Vert }$

2) the following relations hold

$0\le B_n\le U^n,n\in {\rm N}$ (2.7)

3) the following inequalities hold

$B_n\le r^{n+1}{\left(rI-U\right)}^{-1},n\in {\rm N}$ (2.8)

Then 2) Þ 1) Þ 3).

Proof. 2) Þ 1). One applies theorem 2.1, 2) implies 1), to $x_j={\phi }_j,j\in {\rm N}$ . If

${\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }{\lambda }_j{\phi }_j}\le \psi ={\displaystyle \underset{n\in {\rm N}}{\sum }{\alpha }_n}{\phi }_n,{\lambda }_j\in R_{+}$ (2.9)

then the hypothesis, Cauchy inequalities and the above relation yield:

$\begin{array}{l}0\le {\lambda }_j{B}_j\le {\lambda }_j{U}^j\le \left|{\alpha }_j\right|U^j,j\in {\rm N}\\ \Rightarrow {\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }{\lambda }_j{B}_j}\le {\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }\left|{\alpha }_j\right|U^j}\le {\displaystyle \underset{n\in N}{\sum }\frac{{\Vert \psi \Vert }_{\infty }}{r^n}{U}^n}\\ ={\Vert \psi \Vert }_{\infty }{\left(I-\frac{U}{r}\right)}^{-1}=r{\left(rI-U\right)}^{-1}{\Vert \psi \Vert }_{\infty }=:P\left(\psi \right)=P\left(-\psi \right)\end{array}$ (2.10)

Hence, the implication of 2), Theorem 2.1 is accomplished and an application of the latter theorem leads to the existence of a linear positive operator F applying X into Y, with the properties stated at point 1):

$F\left({\phi }_n\right)\ge B_n,n\in \mathbb{N},\left|F\left(\phi \right)\right|\le r{\left(rI-U\right)}^{-1}{\Vert \phi \Vert }_{\infty },\phi \in X$ (2.11)

Since the norm on Y is solid, we infer that

$\Vert F\left(\phi \right)\Vert \le \Vert {\left(I-U/r\right)}^{-1}\Vert \cdot {\Vert \phi \Vert }_{\infty },\phi \in X$ (2.12)

In particular, the following evaluation for the norm of F holds

$\Vert F\Vert \le \Vert \underset{n=0}{\overset{\infty }{{\displaystyle \sum }}}\frac{U^n}{r^n}\Vert \le \underset{n=0}{\overset{\infty }{{\displaystyle \sum }}}\frac{{\Vert U\Vert }^n}{r^n}=\frac{r}{r-\Vert U\Vert }$ (2.13)

On the other hand, 1) Þ 3) is almost obvious, because of:

$B_n=F\left({\phi }_n\right)\le {\Vert {\phi }_n\Vert }_{\infty }r{\left(rI-U\right)}^{-1}=r^{n+1}{\left(rI-U\right)}^{-1}$ (2.14)

and ${\phi }_n\in X_{+}$ for all $n\in {\rm N}$ . The conclusion follows. □

Theorem 2.2.Let $X=L_{\nu }^1\left(M\right),\nu \ge 0$ and ${\left({\phi }_n\right)}_{n\in {\rm N}}$ a sequence of positive functions in $X$ , such that ${\displaystyle \underset{M}{\int }{\phi }_n}\text{d}\nu =1,\forall n\in {\rm N}$ . Let $Y=L_{\mu }^{\infty }\left(\Omega \right),\mu \ge 0,{\left(y_n\right)}_{n\in {\rm N}}$ a sequence of positive functions in $Y$ . Then ${\sup }_{n\in {\rm N}}\left(\Vert y_n\Vert \right)=b<\infty$ if and only if there is a linear positive operator $F\in L\left(X,Y\right)$ such that

$F\left({\phi }_n\right)\ge \left|y_n\right|,n\in {\rm N},\left|F\left(\psi \right)\right|\le b\cdot \left({\displaystyle \underset{M}{\int }\left|\psi \right|\text{d}\nu }\right)\cdot {\chi }_{\Omega },\forall \psi \in X$ (2.15)

Proof. For the “only if” part, let $J_0\subset {\rm N}$ be a finite subset, ${\left\{{\lambda }_j\right\}}_{j\in J_0}\subset R_{+}$ be such that ${\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }{\lambda }_j{\phi }_j\le \psi }$ in $X$ . Hypothesis on the functions ${\phi }_n,n\in {\rm N}$ and integration in the relation ${\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }{\lambda }_j{\phi }_j\le \psi }$ yield

$\begin{array}{l}{\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }{\lambda }_j}={\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }{\lambda }_j}{\displaystyle \underset{M}{\int }{\phi }_j\text{d}\nu }\le {\displaystyle \underset{M}{\int }\psi \text{d}\nu }\\ \Rightarrow {\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }{\lambda }_j}\left|y_j\right|\le \Vert {\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }{\lambda }_j\left|y_j\right|}\Vert \cdot {\chi }_{\Omega }\le \left({\displaystyle \underset{M}{\int }\psi \text{d}\nu }\right)\cdot b\cdot {\chi }_{\Omega }\\ \le \left({\displaystyle \underset{M}{\int }\left|\psi \right|\text{d}\nu }\right)\cdot b\cdot {\chi }_{\Omega }=:P\left(\psi \right)=P\left(-\psi \right),\psi \in X\end{array}$ (2.16)

Application of theorem 2.1 leads to the existence of a linear positive operator $F\in L\left(X,Y\right)$ with the following properties

$F\left({\phi }_n\right)\ge \left|y_n\right|,n\in {\rm N},\left|F\left(\psi \right)\right|\le b\cdot \left({\displaystyle \underset{M}{\int }\left|\psi \right|\text{d}\nu }\right)\cdot {\chi }_{\Omega },\forall \psi \in X$ (2.17)

In particular, one has $\Vert F\Vert \le b$ . Next we prove the “if” part. Assume that $\left|y_n\right|\le F\left({\phi }_n\right),n\in \text{N}$ and $F$ has the qualities in the statement, then, because the norm on Y is solid, we derive

$\Vert y_n\Vert \le \Vert F\left({\phi }_n\right)\Vert \le b\left({\displaystyle \underset{M}{\int }{\phi }_n\text{d}\nu }\right)=b,n\in {\rm N}$ (2.18)

This concludes the proof. □

3. On Markov Moment Problem

We recall an earlier result on the abstract Markov moment problem, in order to apply it to the multidimensional classical moment problem.

Theorem 3.1. (Theorem 4 [10] ). Let $X$ be a preordered linear space, $Y$ an order-complete vector lattice, $\left\{x_j;j\in J\right\}\subset X,\left\{y_j;j\in J\right\}\subset Y$ given finite or infinite families of elements, $F_1,F_2\in L\left(X,Y\right)$ two linear operators. The following statements are equivalent

1) there exists a linear operator $F\in L\left(X,Y\right)$ such that

$F\left(x_j\right)=y_j\forall j\in J,F_1\left(x\right)\le F\left(x\right)\le F_2\left(x\right)\forall x\in X_{+}$ (3.1)

2) for any finite subset $J_0\subset J$ and any $\left\{{\lambda }_j;j\in J_0\right\}\subset R$ , we have

${\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }{\lambda }_j{x}_j={\psi }_2-{\psi }_1,{\psi }_l\in X_{+},l=1,2\Rightarrow }{\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }{\lambda }_j{y}_j\le F_2}\left({\psi }_2\right)-F_1\left({\psi }_1\right)$ (3.2)

The next result is quite similar to that of theorem 2.2.

Theorem 3.2. Let $X,Y,{\left({\phi }_n\right)}_n,{\left(y_n\right)}_n$ be as in Theorem 2.2, and $0<b<\infty$ ; consider the following statements:

1) there exists a linear positive operator $F\in L\left(X,Y\right)$ such that

$F\left({\phi }_n\right)=y_n,n\in {\rm N},\left|F\left(\psi \right)\right|\le b\cdot {\displaystyle \underset{M}{\int }\left|\psi \right|\text{d}\nu }\cdot {\chi }_{\Omega },\psi \in X,\Vert F\Vert \le b$ (3.3)

2) for any finite subset $J_0\subset {\rm N}$ and any ${\left\{{\lambda }_j\right\}}_{j\in J_0}\subset R$ , the following relation holds

${\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }\left|{\lambda }_j\right|}\cdot \Vert y_j\Vert \le b\left|{\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }{\lambda }_j}\right|$ (3.4)

Then 2) Þ 1).

Proof. We apply Theorem 3.1, 2) implies 1). If ${\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }{\lambda }_j}{\phi }_j={\psi }_2-{\psi }_1$ , where ${\psi }_1,{\psi }_2\in X_{+}$ , then the following implications hold

$\begin{array}{l}-{\displaystyle \underset{M}{\int }{\psi }_1\text{d}\nu }\le {\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }{\lambda }_j}{\displaystyle \underset{M}{\int }{\phi }_j}\text{d}\nu ={\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }{\lambda }_j}\le {\displaystyle \underset{M}{\int }{\psi }_2\text{d}\nu }\\ \Rightarrow \left|{\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }{\lambda }_j}\right|\le {\displaystyle \underset{M}{\int }{\psi }_2}+{\displaystyle \underset{M}{\int }{\psi }_1}={\displaystyle \underset{M}{\int }{\psi }_2\text{d}\nu }-\left(-{\displaystyle \underset{M}{\int }{\psi }_1\text{d}\nu }\right)\end{array}$ (3.5)

Now the hypothesis 2) yields

$\begin{array}{l}\left|{\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }{\lambda }_j{y}_j}\right|\le {\Vert {\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }{\lambda }_j{y}_j}\Vert }_{\infty }\cdot {\chi }_{\Omega }\le \left({\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }\left|{\lambda }_j\right|}\cdot \Vert y_j\Vert \right)\cdot {\chi }_{\Omega }\\ \le b\cdot \left|{\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }{\lambda }_j}\right|{\chi }_{\Omega }\le b\left({\displaystyle \underset{M}{\int }{\psi }_2\text{d}\nu \cdot {\chi }_{\Omega }-\left(-{\displaystyle \underset{M}{\int }{\psi }_1\text{d}\nu \cdot {\chi }_{\Omega }}\right)}\right)\\ =F_2\left({\psi }_2\right)-F_1\left({\psi }_1\right),F_2\left(\psi \right):=b{\displaystyle \underset{M}{\int }\psi \text{d}\nu }\cdot {\chi }_{\Omega },F_1:=-F_2\end{array}$ (3.6)

Application of theorem 3.1 leads to the existence of a linear operator $F\in L\left(X,Y\right)$ such that

$\begin{array}{l}F\left({\phi }_n\right)=y_n,n\in {\rm N},F_1\left(\psi \right)=-b{\displaystyle \underset{M}{\int }\psi \text{d}\nu }\cdot {\chi }_{\Omega }\le F\left(\psi \right)\le F_2\left(\psi \right)\\ =b{\displaystyle \underset{M}{\int }\psi \text{d}\nu }\cdot {\chi }_{\Omega },\psi \in X_{+}\iff \left|F\left(\psi \right)\right|\le b{\displaystyle \underset{M}{\int }\psi \text{d}\nu }\cdot {\chi }_{\Omega },\psi \in X_{+}\\ \Rightarrow \left|F\left(\phi \right)\right|\le \left|F\left({\phi }^{+}\right)\right|+\left|F\left({\phi }^{-}\right)\right|\le b\cdot {\displaystyle \underset{M}{\int }\left({\phi }^{+}+{\phi }^{-}\right)\text{d}\nu }{\chi }_{\Omega }\\ =b{\displaystyle \underset{M}{\int }\left|\phi \right|}\text{d}\nu {\chi }_{\Omega },\phi \in X\end{array}$ (3.7)

This concludes the proof. □

One goes on with an application of Theorem 3.1 to the operator valued real multidimensional moment problem. Let $X$ be the space of power series in $n$

complex variables, absolutely convergent in the polydisc $D={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{\prod }}\left\{\left|z_k\right|\le r_k\right\}}$ , with

real coefficients. The order relation on $X$ is defined by means of the coefficients, similar to the case of Proposition 2.1. Let $H$ be a complex Hilbert space, $A_k,k=1,\cdots ,n$ linear positive self-adjoint commuting operators on $H$ , such that $\Vert A_k\Vert \le r_k,k=1,\cdots ,n$ . We denote:

$Y_1=\left\{U\in {\rm A}\left(H\right);A_{k}U=U{A}_k,k=1,\cdots ,n\right\},Y=\left\{V\in Y_1;VU=UV\forall U\in Y\right\}$ (3.8)

Here $\text{A}\left(H\right)$ is the real vector space of all selfadjoint operators acting on $H$ . Then $Y$ is an order complete Banach lattice [14] and clearly is a commutative Banach algebra of selfadjoint operators. Denote

${\phi }_j\left(z_1,\cdots ,z_n\right)=z_1^{j_1}\cdots z_n^{j_n},j=\left(j_1,\cdots ,j_n\right)\in {{\rm N}}^n$ (3.9)

Theorem 3.3. Let ${\left(B_j\right)}_{j\in {{\rm N}}^n}$ be a sequence in $Y,b>0$ a real number. The following statements are equivalent

1) there exists a linear operator $F\in L\left(X,Y\right)$ such that

$F\left({\phi }_k\right)=B_k,k\in {{\rm N}}^n,0\le F\left(\psi \right)\le b\psi \left(A_1,\cdots ,A_n\right),\forall \psi \in X_{+}$ (3.10)

2) the following relations hold

$0\le B_k\le b{A}_1^{k_1}\cdots A_n^{k_n},\forall k=\left(k_1,\cdots ,k_n\right)\in {\mathbb{N}}^n$ (3.11)

Proof. The implication 1) Þ 2) is almost obvious, since ${\phi }_k\in X_{+},k\in {\mathbb{N}}^n$ and the hypothesis 1) yields

$B_k=F\left({\phi }_k\right)\in \left[0,b{\phi }_k\left(A_1,\cdots ,A_n\right)\right]=\left[0,b{A}_1^{k_1}\cdots A_n^{k_n}\right]$ (3.12)

For the converse, we apply Theorem 3.1, 2) implies 1). Assume that

${\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }{\lambda }_j{\phi }_j={\psi }_2-{\psi }_1}={\displaystyle \underset{k\in {{\rm N}}^n}{\sum }{\alpha }_k}{\phi }_k-{\displaystyle \underset{k\in {{\rm N}}^n}{\sum }{\beta }_k{\phi }_k},{\alpha }_k,{\beta }_k\in R_{+},k\in {{\rm N}}^n$ (3.13)

From these relations we derive

${\lambda }_j\le {\alpha }_j,j\in J_0$ (3.14)

which further yields

${\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }{\lambda }_j{B}_j}\le {\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }{\alpha }_j{B}_j}\le {\displaystyle \underset{k\in {\mathbb{N}}^n}{\sum }{\alpha }_k{B}_k}\le b{\displaystyle \underset{k\in {\mathbb{N}}^n}{\sum }{\alpha }_k{A}_1^{k_1}\cdots A_n^{k_n}}=F_2\left({\psi }_2\right)-F_1\left({\psi }_1\right)$ (3.15)

Thus the implication from 2), Theorem 3.1 is verified, where

$F_2\left({\displaystyle \underset{k\in {\mathbb{N}}^n}{\sum }{\alpha }_k{\phi }_k}\right):=b{\displaystyle \underset{k\in {\mathbb{N}}^n}{\sum }{\alpha }_k{A}_1^{k_1}\cdots A_n^{k_n}},F_1:=0$ (3.16)

Application of the latter theorem leads to the existence of a linear operator $F\in L\left(X,Y\right)$ satisfying the moment conditions $F\left({\phi }_k\right)=B_k,k\in {{\rm N}}^n$ , such that on the positive cone of $X$ , the following relations hold

$0=F_1\left(\psi \right)\le F\left(\psi \right)\le F_2\left(\psi \right)=b\psi \left(A_1,\cdots ,A_n\right),\psi \in X_{+}$ (3.17)

This concludes the proof. □

We go on with applications related to a convexity and extension of linear operators result, having a nice geometric meaning. If $V$ is a convex neighborhood of the origin in a locally convex space, we denote by $p_V$ the gauge attached to $V$ .

Theorem 3.4. (see [9] ). Let $X$ be a locally convex space, $Y$ an order complete vector lattice with strong order unit $u_0$ and $S\subset X$ a vector subspace. Let $A\subset X$ be a convex subset with the following qualities:

1) there exists a neighborhood $V$ of the origin such that

$\left(S+V\right)\cap A=\Phi$ (3.18)

(that is, by definition, $A$ and $S$ are distanced);

2) $A$ is bounded.

Then for any equicontinuous family of linear operators ${\left\{f_j\right\}}_{j\in J}\subset L\left(S,Y\right)$ and for any $\tilde{y}\in Y_{+}\backslash \left\{0\right\}$ , there exists an equicontinuous family ${\left\{F_j\right\}}_{j\in J}\subset L\left(X,Y\right)$ such that

$F_j\left(s\right)=f_j\left(s\right),s\in S$ and $F_j\left(\psi \right)\ge \tilde{y},\psi \in A,j\in J$ (3.19)

Moreover, if $V$ is a neighborhood of the origin such that

$f_j\left(V\cap S\right)\subset \left[-u_0,u_0\right],\left(S+V\right)\cap A=\Phi$ (3.20)

and if $\alpha >0$ is such that $p_V\left(a\right)\le \alpha \forall a\in A$ , while ${\alpha }_1>0$ is large enough such that $\tilde{y}\le {\alpha }_1{u}_0$ , then the following relations hold

$F_j\left(x\right)\le \left(1+\alpha +{\alpha }_1\right)p_V\left(x\right)\cdot u_0,x\in X,j\in J$ (3.21)

Recall that the definition and terminology of distanced (convex) subsets written above is motivated by the fact that in the particular case when X is a normed vector space, the neighborhood V appearing in relation (3.18) can be chosen as a ball centered at the origin. Then (3.18) is equivalent to the relation $d\left(S,A\right)\ge r>0$ , where $d\left(S,A\right)$ is the distance between the two subsets S and A. with respect to the metric defined by the norm on X, and r is the radius of that ball. In this particular case, V can be chosen as $V=B\left(0,r\right)$ , for some $r>0$ sufficiently small. If V is a convex circled neighborhood of zero in a locally convex space, one can define $d_V\left(x,y\right):=p_V\left(x-y\right)$ , where $p_V$ is the gauge attached to V. Then $d_V$ has all the properties of a distance defined by means of a norm, except one of them. Precisely, $d_V\left(x_1,x_2\right)=0$ does not imply $x_1=x_2$ , since $p_V$ is just a seminorm, not a norm. On the other hand, it is the case when X is a normed vector space to which Theorem 3.4 will be applied in the sequel. Namely, in the next theorem X will be the space $C\left(\left[0,b_1\right]\times \cdots \times \left[0,b_n\right]\right)$ , $Y=Y\left(A_1,\cdots ,A_n\right)$ is the space defined by (3.8) ( $A_1,\cdots ,A_n$ are commuting positive selfadjoint operators), under the additional assumption $\sigma \left(A_k\right)=\left[0,b_k\right],k=1,\cdots ,n$ ,

$\begin{array}{l}{\phi }_j\in X,{\phi }_j\left(t_1,\cdots ,t_n\right)=t_1^{j_1}\cdots t_n^{j_n},\left(t_1,\cdots ,t_n\right)\in \left[0,b_1\right]\times \cdots \times \left[0,b_n\right],\\ j=\left(j_1,\cdots ,j_n\right)\in {{\rm N}}^n,\left|j\right|:={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{\sum }}{j}_k}\ge 1\end{array}$ (3.22)

Theorem 3.5. Let ${\left({\psi }_j\right)}_{j\in {{\rm N}}^n}$ be a sequence in $X$ such that ${\psi }_j\left(0,\cdots ,0\right)=1$ ${\psi }_{\left(0,\cdots ,0\right)}\equiv 1$ , ${\Vert {\psi }_j\Vert }_{\infty }\le 1$ for all $j\in {{\rm N}}^n$ , and let $B\in Y,B\ge I$ . Then there exists a linear bounded positive operator $F\in B\left(X,Y\right)$ , which is multiplicative on the subspace of continuous functions vanishing at the origin, such that

$\begin{array}{l}F\left({\phi }_j\right)=A_1^{j_1}\cdots A_n^{j_n},j\in {{\rm N}}^n,\left|j\right|\ge 1,\\ F\left({\psi }_j\right)\ge B,\forall j\in {{\rm N}}^n,\left|F\left(\phi \right)\right|\le \left(2+\Vert B\Vert \right)\cdot \Vert \phi \Vert \cdot I,\forall \phi \in X\end{array}$ (3.23)

Proof. Denote $A=conv\left\{{\psi }_j;j\in {{\rm N}}^n\right\},S=Span\left(\left\{{\phi }_j;\left|j\right|\ge 1\right\}\right)$ . Then we get

$\begin{array}{l}{\Vert s-a\Vert }_{\infty }\ge \left|s\left(0\right)-a\left(0\right)\right|=1,\forall s\in S,\forall a\in A\\ \Rightarrow \left(S+B\left(0,1\right)\right)\cap A=\Phi ,V:=B\left(0,1\right),{\Vert \psi \Vert }_{\infty }\le 1=:\alpha ,\forall \psi \in A\end{array}$ (3.24)

Thus, the unit ball $B\left(0,1\right)$ of the space $X$ stands for $V$ of the preceding theorem 3.4, $\Vert \Vert$ stands for $p_V$ , and $A$ is the convex hull of the collection of functions ${\psi }_j,j\in {\text{N}}^n$ . Define

$f:S\to Y,f\left(s\right)=f\left({\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }{a}_j{\phi }_j}\right)={\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }{a}_j{A}_1^{j_1}\cdots A_n^{j_n}}$ (3.25)

where $J_0\subset \left\{j\in N^n;\left|j\right|\ge 1\right\}\subset N^n$ is a finite subset. If $s\in S\cap B\left(0,1\right)$ , then

$\begin{array}{l}-1\le s={\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }{a}_j}{t}_1^{j_1}\cdots t_n^{j_n}\le 1\forall \left(t_1,\cdots ,t_n\right)\in \left[0,b_1\right]\times \cdots \times \left[0,b_n\right]\\ \Rightarrow -I\le f\left(s\right)={\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_0}{\sum }{a}_j}{A}_1^{j_1}\cdots A_n^{j_n}\le I\end{array}$ (3.26)

because of the positivity of the spectral measures associated to the n-tuple $\left(A_1,\cdots ,A_n\right)$ . On the other hand $B\le \Vert B\Vert \cdot I$ , so that all conditions of theorem 3.4 are verified for

${\alpha }_1=\Vert B\Vert ,\alpha =1,u_0=I$ (3.27)

Application of theorem 3.4 leads to the existence of a linear extension $F$ of $f$ , such that

$\begin{array}{l}F\left(\phi \right)\le \left(2+\Vert B\Vert \right){\Vert \phi \Vert }_{\infty }I,\\ \forall \phi \in X\Rightarrow \left|F\left(\phi \right)\right|\le \left(2+\Vert B\Vert \right)\cdot {\Vert \phi \Vert }_{\infty }I\Rightarrow \Vert F\Vert \le 2+\Vert B\Vert ,\\ F\left({\psi }_j\right)\ge B:=\tilde{y},\forall j\in {{\rm N}}^n\Rightarrow F\left(1\right)\ge B\end{array}$ (3.28)

In particular, $F$ is continuous. Now we prove that $F$ is also positive. Let be a polynomial

$p\left(t_1,\cdots ,t_n\right)={\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_1}{\sum }{a}_j{t}_1^{j_1}\cdots t_n^{j_n}}\ge 0\forall \left(t_1,\cdots ,t_n\right)\in \left[0,b_1\right]\times \cdots \times \left[0,b_n\right]$ (3.29)

where $J_1\subset {\text{N}}^n$ is a finite subset. Then using the positivity of the spectral measures attached to n-tuple of operators $\left(A_1,\cdots ,A_n\right)$ , as well as the relations

$F\left(1\right)=F\left({\psi }_{\left(0,\cdots ,0\right)}\right)\ge B\ge I,a_{\left(0,\cdots ,0\right)}=p\left(0,\cdots ,0\right)\ge 0$ (3.30)

we derive the following implications

$\begin{array}{l}s:={\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_1,\left|j\right|\ge 1}{\sum }{a}_j}{t}_1^{j_1}\cdots t_n^{j_n}\ge -a_{\left(0,\cdots ,0\right)}\Rightarrow F\left(s\right)={\displaystyle \underset{j\in J_1,\left|j\right|\ge 1}{\sum }{a}_j}{A}_1^{j_1}\cdots A_n^{j_n}\ge -a_{\left(0,\cdots ,0\right)}\cdot I\\ \Rightarrow F\left(p\right)=a_{\left(0,\cdots ,0\right)}F\left(1\right)+F\left(s\right)\ge a_{\left(0,\cdots ,0\right)}\left(F\left(1\right)-I\right)\ge a_{\left(0,\cdots ,0\right)}\left(B-I\right)\ge 0\end{array}$ (3.31)

Application of Weierstrass approximation theorem and the continuity of F lead to the positivity of F on X.

Hypothesis on the fact that $A_1,\cdots ,A_n$ are permutable and a straightforward computation shows that

$f\left(p_1{p}_2\right)=f\left(p_1\right)f\left(p_2\right)$ (3.32)

for all polynomials of n variables, vanishing at the origin. Since F is a continuous linear extension of f and the product operation on the Banach algebra Y is continuous, we infer that F is multiplicative on the subspace of continuous functions vanishing at the origin (use Bernstein approximating polynomials of n variables: if a continuous function vanishes at the origin, then all the corresponding Bernstein polynomials do the same). This concludes the proof. □

4. Conclusions

In the first part of this work, new applications of Mazur-Orlicz theorem have been proved (Section 2). In Section 3, Markov type moment problem results are studied. Comparing theorems 2.2 and 3.2, we see that the proofs of the two type-problems mentioned above are different, even in cases of similar statements. The last result of the paper is an application of an earlier theorem. The new element with respect to previous submissions is that here the solution is defined on a space of continuous functions of several real variables, vanishing at the origin (see Theorem 3.5). Our solutions are operator or function valued. Further applications could be deduced, depending on the knowledge and imagination of the authors.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the anonymous referee for reading carefully the manuscript and for his meaningful suggestions, leading to the improvement of the presentation of this paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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