Optimal Distributed Control Problem for the b-Equation

Chunyu Shen

Nonlinear Scientific Research Center, Faculty of Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.

DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2017.56108                

Abstract

This paper is concerned with the optimal distributed control problem governed by b-equation. We firstly investigate the existence and uniqueness of weak solution for the controlled system with appropriate initial value and boundary condition. By contrasting with our previous result, the proof without considering viscous coefficient is a big improvement. Secondly, based on the well-posedness result, we find a unique optimal control for the controlled system with the quadratic cost functional. Moreover, by means of the optimal control theory, we obtain the sufficient and necessary optimality condition of an optimal control, which is another major novelty of this paper. Finally, we also present the optimality conditions corresponding to two physical meaningful distributive observation cases.

Keywords

Weak Solution, Existence and Uniqueness, Optimal Control, Sufficient and Necessary Optimality Condition, b-Equation

1. Introduction

Recently, Escher and Yin [1] studied the following nonlinear dispersive equation (b-equation):

$\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_t-{\alpha }^2{u}_{xxt}+c_0{u}_x+\left(b+1\right)u{u}_x+\Gamma u_{xxx}={\alpha }^2\left(b{u}_x{u}_{xx}+u{u}_{xxx}\right),t>0,x\in R,\\ u\left(0,x\right)=u_0\left(x\right),x\in R,\end{array}$ (1.1)

where $c_0$ , $b$ , $\Gamma$ and $\alpha$ are arbitrary real constants. Denoting $y=u-{\alpha }^2{u}_{xx}$ , we can rewrite b-equation in the following form:

$\{\begin{array}{l}{y}_t+c_0{u}_x+u{y}_x+b{u}_{x}y+\Gamma u_{xxx}=0,t>0,x\in R,\\ u\left(0,x\right)=u_0\left(x\right),x\in R.\end{array}$ (1.2)

Equation (1.2) can be derived as a family of asymptotically equivalent shallow water wave equations that emerge at quadratic order accuracy for $\forall b\ne -1$ by an appropriate Kodama transformation [2] [3] . For the case $b=-1$ , the corresponding Kodama transformation is singular and the asymptotic ordering is violated [2] [3] . The solutions of the b-Equation (1.2) with $c_0=\Gamma =0$ were studied numerically for various values of b in [4] [5] , where b was taken as a bifurcation parameter. The symmetry condition necessary for integrability of the b-Equation (1.2) was investigated in [6] . The Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation, the Camassa-Holm (CH) equation and the Degasperis-Procesi (DP) equation are the only three integrable equations in the b-Equation (1.2), which was shown in [7] [8] by using Painleve analysis. The b-equation with $c_0=\Gamma =0$ admits peaked solutions for $\forall b\in R$ [4] [5] [7] . The peaked solutions replicate a feature that is characteristic for the waves of great height: waves of the largest amplitude that are exact solutions of the governing equations for water waves [9] [10] [11] .

If $\alpha =0$ and $b=2$ , then b-Equation (1.1) becomes the well-known KdV equation

$u_t+c_0{u}_x+3u{u}_x+\Gamma u_{xxx}=0,t>0,x\in R,$ (1.3)

which describes the unidirectional propagation of waves at the free surface of shallow water under the influence of gravity [12] . In this model, $u\left(t,x\right)$ re- presents the wave’s height above a flat bottom; x is proportional to distance in the direction of propagation and t is proportional to the elapsed time. The KdV equation is completely integrable, and its solitary waves are solitons [13] . The Cauchy problem of the KdV equation has been studied by many authors [14] [15] [16] and a satisfactory local or global (in time) existence theory is now available (for example, in [15] [16] ). The solution of the KdV equation is global for $u_0\in L^2\left(S\right)$ [15] [16] . It is also observed that the KdV equation does not accommodate wave breaking (by wave breaking we mean the phenomenon that a wave remains bounded but its slope becomes unbounded in finite time) [17] .

For $\Gamma =0$ and $b=2$ , b-Equation (1.1) becomes the CH equation

$u_t-{\alpha }^2{u}_{xxt}+c_0{u}_x+3u{u}_x=2{\alpha }^2{u}_x{u}_{xx}+{\alpha }^{2}u{u}_{xxx},t>0,x\in R,$ (1.4)

modelling the unidirectional propagation of shallow water waves over a flat bottom. Again $u\left(t,x\right)$ stands for the fluid velocity at time t in the spatial x direction and $c_0$ is a nonnegative parameter related to the critical shallow water speed [18] . The CH equation is derived physically by approximating directly the Hamiltonian for Euler’s equations in the shallow water regime (it also appears in the context of hereditary symmetries studied by Fuchssteiner and Fokas [19] ). Recently, the alternative derivations of the CH equation as a model for water waves, respectively, as the equation for geodesic flow on the diffeomorphism group of the circle were presented in [20] and in [21] . For the physical derivation, we refer to the work in [22] . The geometric interpretation is important because it can be used to prove that the least action principle holds for the CH equation [23] . It is worth pointing out that the fundamental aspect of the CH equation, the fact that it is a completely integrable system, was shown in [24] [25] for the periodic case and in [26] [27] for the non-periodic case. Its solitary waves are smooth if $c_0>0$ and peaked in the limiting case $c_0=0$ [28] . They are orbitally stable and interact like solitons [29] [30] and the explicit interaction of the peaked solitons is given in [14] .

Since the CH equation is structurally very rich, many physicists and mathematicians pay great attention to it. Local well-posedness for the initial datum $u_0\in H^s\left(I\right)$ with $s>3/2$ was proved by several authors, as in [31] [32] [33] [34] . For the initial data with lower regularity, we refer to Molinet’s paper [35] and also the paper [36] . Moreover, wave breaking for a large class of initial data has been established in [31] [33] [37] [38] . However, in [39] , global existence of weak solutions was proved but uniqueness was obtained only under a prior assumption that is known to hold only for the initial data $u_0\left(x\right)\in H^1$ such that $u_0-u_{0,xx}$ is a sign-definite Radon measure (under this condition, global existence and uniqueness was shown in [40] ). Also it is worth noting that CH equation has global conservative solutions in $H^1\left(R\right)$ [36] [41] [42] and global dissipative solutions (with energy being lost when wave breaking occurs) in $H^1\left(R\right)$ [43] [44] . In [45] , the authors showed the infinite propagation speed for the CH equation in the sense that a strong solution of the Cauchy problem with compact initial profile cannot be compactly supported at any later time unless it is the zero solution, which is an improvement of the previous results in this direction obtained in [46] .

For $c_0=\Gamma =0$ and $b=3$ in b-Equation (1.1), then we find the DP equation of the form [8]

$u_t-{\alpha }^2{u}_{xxt}+4u{u}_x=3{\alpha }^2{u}_x{u}_{xx}+{\alpha }^{2}u{u}_{xxx},t>0,x\in R.$ (1.5)

Degasperis, Holm and Hone [47] proved the formal integrability of the DP Equation (1.5) by constructing a Lax pair. They also showed that DP equation has a bi-Hamiltonian structure and an infinite sequence of conserved quantities, and that it admits exact peakon solutions which are analogous to the CH peakons. Peakons for either b = 2 or b = 3 are true solitons that interact via elastic collisions under CH dynamics, or DP dynamics, respectively. Recently, Lundmark [48] showed that the DP equation has not only peaked solitons, but also shock peakons of the form

$u\left(t,x\right)=-\frac{1}{t+k}\mathrm{sgn}\left(x\right){\text{e}}^{-\left|x\right|},k>0.$

The DP equation can be regarded as a model for nonlinear shallow water dynamics and its asymptotic accuracy is the same as for the CH shallow water equation [2] [3] [22] . An inverse scattering approach for computing n-peakon solutions to the DP equation was presented in [49] . Its traveling wave solutions were investigated in [50] .

The Cauchy problem for the DP equation has been studied widely. Local well-posedness of this equation is established in [51] [52] for the initial data $u_0\in H^s\left(S\right)$ with $s>3/2$ . Similar to the CH equation, the DP equation has also global strong solutions [51] [53] [54] [55] as well as finite time blow-up solutions [51] [53] [54] [56] [57] . On the other hand, it has global weak solutions in $H^1\left(S\right)$ [53] [56] [58] . Analogous to the case of the CH equation, Henry [59] and Mustafa [60] showed that smooth solutions to the DP equation have infinite speed of propagation. Coclite and Karlsen [61] also obtained global existence results for entropy weak solutions belonging to the class of $L^1\left(R\right)\cap BV\left(R\right)$ and the class of $L^2\left(R\right)\cap L^4\left(R\right)$ .

Although the DP equation is similar to the CH equation in several aspects, these two equations are truly different. One of the novel features of the DP equation different from the CH equation is that it has not only peakon solutions [47] and periodic peakon solutions [58] , but also shock peakons [48] [61] and the periodic shock waves [56] .

Despite the abundant literature on the above three special cases of the b-equ- ation, there are few results on the b-equation. Recently, some authors devoted to studying the Cauchy problem of the b-equation. Since the conservation laws of the b-equation are much weaker, there are only a few kinds of global or blow-up results.

In [1] , Escher and Yin studied b-equation on the line for $\alpha >0$ and $c_0,b,\Gamma \in R$ . They established the local well-posedness, described the precise blow-up scenario, and proved that the equation has strong solutions which exist globally in time and blow up in finite time. Moreover, the authors showed the uniqueness and existence of global weak solutions to b-equation, provided the initial data satisfy certain sign conditions. The similar discussions for b-equation on the circle can be found in [62] . The author expanded the result of corresponding solutions blow-up in finite time where conditions on the initial data and the bifurcation parameter $b\ge 3$ in [2] to the case $b\ge 2$ [63] . In [64] , the authors established the local well-posedness for the nonuniform weakly dissipative b-equation which includes both the weakly dissipative CH equation and the weakly dissipative DP equation as its special cases. They studied the blow-up phenomena and the long time behavior of the solutions.

Recently Gui, Liu, and Tian [65] considered b-Equation (1.1) with $c_0=\Gamma =0$ on the real line. They proved that the equation is locally well-posed in the Sobolev space $H^s\left(R\right)$ for $s>3/2$ . Moreover, they give the precise blow-up scenario of strong solution of the equation with certain initial data. In [66] , Zhou established blow-up results for b-equation with $c_0=\Gamma =0,\alpha =1$ under various classes of initial data. He also proved that the solutions with compact support initial data do not have compact support. In the periodic case of b-equation with $c_0=\Gamma =0$ , sufficient conditions on the initial data were obtained in [67] to guarantee the finite time blow-up and global existence. The local well-posedness of b-equation with $c_0=\Gamma =0,\alpha =1$ in the critical Besov space $B_{2,1}^{3/2}$ was studied in [68] . They showed that if a weaker $B_{p,r}^q$ -topology is used, the solution map becomes Hölder continuous. Moreover, they showed that the dependence on initial data is optimal in $B_{2,1}^{3/2}$ in the sense that the solution map is continuous but not uniformly continuous. They also obtained the periodic peaked solutions and applied them to obtain the ill-posedness in $B_{2,\infty }^{3/2}$ . There are some other papers concerned with b-equation of $c_0=\Gamma =0$ and we will not attempt to mention all here.

In the past decades, the optimal control of distributed parameter systems has become much more active in academic field. Especially, the optimal control of nonlinear solitary wave equation lies in the front of the intersection of mathematics, engineering and computer science and so on. Recently, people have taken a considerable interest in realizing the operation mechanism of prototype tsunami in the laboratory and in looking for a really efficient control mechanism to generate exact long water waves in the man-made pool. The CH equation attracted much more attention also in the context of the relevance of integrable equations to the modelling of tsunami waves [69] [70] [71] . Naturally, an optimization problem needs to be considered in this shallow water wave equation. It seems to the author that the study of nonlinear shallow water equation from the point of view of control theory was an open field. There are only some research results reported. For instance, Zhang studied the control problems for two nonlinear dispersive wave equations--the KdV equation and the Benjamin-Bona- Mahony (BBM) equation. Moreover, for the BBM equation, he showed that the wave-maker, by choosing a proper boundary value, can make a wave to approach a given state as closely as desired as long as the given state is small in some sense [72] . Glass investigated the problem of exact controllability and asymptotic stabilization of the CH equation on the circle, by means of a distributed control. The results are global, and in particular the control prevents the solution from blowing up [73] . The distributed optimal control problems for the viscous CH equation, the viscous DP equation, the viscous Dullin-Gottwald- Holm (DGH) equation were considered by our research team respectively. We proved the existence and uniqueness of weak solution in short interval. Further, we employed the quadratic cost objective functional to be minimized within an admissible control set with the distributive observation and discussed the existence of optimal control which minimizes the quadratic cost functional [74] [75] [76] . Subsequently, by the Dubovitskii-Milyutin functional analytical approach, Sun considered the optimal distributed control problem of the viscous generalized CH equation and viscous DGH equation respectively and obtained the Pontryagin maximum principle of the systems studied. The necessary optimality condition is established for an optimal control problem in fixed final horizon case [77] [78] . In [79] [80] , recently, our research team studied optimal distributed control of the Fornberg-Whitham equation and the θ-equation which involve complex nonlinear items respectively. We clarified the well-posedness of weak solution without relying on viscous coefficient, which is major improvement in comparison with our previous results. Utilizing the Dubovitskii- Milyutin functional analytical approach, we also proved the necessary optimality condition for the control systems in fixed final horizon case. Hwang studied the quadratic cost optimal control problems for the viscous DGH equation. He derived the necessary optimality conditions of optimal controls, corresponding to physically meaningful distributive observations. By making use of the second order Gateaux differentiability of solution mapping on control variables, he also proved the local uniqueness of optimal control [81] .

Inspired by the papers mentioned above, in present work, we investigate the b-equation from the point of view of distributed control. More precisely, we consider the following governing equation

$\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_t-u_{xxt}+c_0{u}_x+\left(b+1\right)u{u}_x+\Gamma u_{xxx}-b{u}_x{u}_{xx}-u{u}_{xxx}=Bv,\\ u\left(t,x+L\right)=u\left(t,x\right),\forall x\in R,\forall t\in \left[0,T\right],\\ y\left(0,x\right)=y_0\left(x\right)=u\left(0,x\right)-u\left(0,x\right)\in V,\end{array}$ (1.6)

where $Bv$ is the external control term which is L-periodic in spatial x, is a control and B be an operator called a controller. The explicit formulation of the control problem will be provided after the investigation of well-posedness of the state equation.

We mainly consider the two following problems:

・ for the nonlinear control system governed by the b-equation with quadratic cost functional $I\left(v\right)={\Vert Cu\left(v;t,x\right)-z_d\Vert }_{\mathcal{M}}^2+{\left(Nv,v\right)}_{\mathcal{U}}$ , can one find $v^{\ast }\in {\mathcal{U}}_{ad}$

such that $I\left(v^{\ast }\right)=\underset{\forall v\in {\mathcal{U}}_{ad}}{\inf }I\left(v\right)$ and whether this $v^{\ast }$ is unique?

・ if one finds the unique optimal control $v^{\ast }\in {\mathcal{U}}_{ad}$ for the above control problem, how can we characterize this optimal control?

The plan of the remaining sections can be summarized as follows. In Section 2, we study the initial-boundary problem of the b-equation with forcing function in a special space $\mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right)$ . Adopting the Faedo-Galerkin method and utilizing a uniformly prior estimate of the approximate solution, we prove the existence and uniqueness of weak solution under the definition introduced in the paper. For general $b\in R$ , the proof without relying on viscous coefficient is a major improvement in comparison with our results in [74] [75] [76] and other discussions in [77] [78] [81] . In Section 3, based on the well-posedness result, we give the formulation of the quadratic cost optimal control problem for the b-equation and investigate the existence and uniqueness of the optimal solution. In Section 4, by the method of control theory (for more detailed discussion, we refer readers to book [82] ), we establish the sufficient and necessary optimality condition of an optimal control in fixed final horizon case. In order to obtain this result, we also prove the Gateaux differentiability of the state variable $u\left(v;t,x\right)$ which is used to define the associate adjoint systems. Comparing with the research in our previous works [74] [75] [76] and the related works [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] , the sufficient and necessary optimality condition of an optimal control which is not limited to the necessary condition is another novelty in this paper. At last, in Section 5, we give the specific sufficient and necessary optimality condition of optimal control $v^{\ast }$ for two physical meaningful distributed observation cases employing the associate adjoint systems.

2. The Existence and Uniqueness of Weak Solution

Without loss of generality, we assume $\Omega =\left[0,L\right]$ . Denote the usual Hilbert

space $H=L^2\left(\Omega \right)$ equipped with the norm ${\Vert u\Vert }_H={\left({\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{\left|u\right|}^2\text{d}x}\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ , and the inner

product in H is denoted by ${\left(u,u\right)}_H={\Vert u\Vert }_H^2$ . Let $H^s\left(\Omega \right)=W^{s,2}\left(\Omega \right)$ , $s\in N$ be the integral exponent Sobolev spaces. By using the Poincare’s inequality in

$H^s\left(\Omega \right)$ , we can define norm ${\Vert \xi \Vert }_{H^s\left(\Omega \right)}={\left({\displaystyle \underset{0\le \left|\alpha \right|\le s}{\sum }{\Vert {\partial }_x^{\alpha }\xi \Vert }_H^2}\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}\cong {\Vert {\partial }_x^s\xi \Vert }_H$ , where

${\partial }_x^s\xi \left(0\right)={\partial }_x^s\xi \left(L\right)$ and $s=0,1,2,3,\cdot \cdot \cdot$ . Especially, taking $m=1$ , we get the Hilbert space $V=H^1\left(\Omega \right)$ supplied with the inner product ${\left(\phi ,\psi \right)}_V={\left({\phi }_x,{\psi }_x\right)}_H$ , where $\forall \phi ,\psi \in V$ . Let us denote that $V^{\ast }=H^{-1}\left(\Omega \right)$ and $H^{\ast }=L^2\left(\Omega \right)$ are the dual spaces of V and H respectively. Then we can find that V embeds into H and $H^{\ast }$ embeds into $V^{\ast }$ , where each embedding is dense and corresponding injections are continuous.

For convenience, we shall consider the following initial-boundary value problem for Equation (1.1)

$\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_t-u_{xxt}+c_0{u}_x+\left(b+1\right)u{u}_x+\Gamma u_{xxx}-b{u}_x{u}_{xx}-u{u}_{xxx}=f\left(t,x\right),\\ u\left(t,x+L\right)=u\left(t,x\right),\forall x\in R,\forall t\in \left[0,T\right],\\ u\left(0,x\right)=u_0(x),\forall x\in R,\end{array}$ (2.1)

where $f\left(t,x\right)$ is forcing item which is L-periodic in spatial x.

With $y\left(t,x\right)=u\left(t,x\right)-u_{xx}\left(t,x\right)$ and $y_0\left(x\right)=u\left(0,x\right)-u_{xx}\left(0,x\right)$ , Equation (2.1) takes the form:

$\{\begin{array}{l}{y}_t\left(t,x\right)+c_0{u}_x\left(t,x\right)+u\left(t,x\right)y_x\left(t,x\right)+b{u}_x\left(t,x\right)y\left(t,x\right)+\Gamma u_{xxx}\left(t,x\right)=f\left(t,x\right),\\ u\left(t,x+L\right)=u\left(t,x\right),\forall x\in R,\forall t\in \left[0,T\right],\\ y\left(0,x\right)=y_0(x),\forall x\in R.\end{array}$ (2.2)

In order to study the weak solution of Equation (2.2), we introduce the following two special spaces firstly.

$\mathcal{W}\left(0,T\right)$ is defined by $\mathcal{W}\left(0,T\right)=\left\{\xi |\xi \in L^2\left(0,T;V\right),{\xi }_t\in L^2\left(0,T;V^{\ast }\right)\right\}$ , which is equipped with the norm ${\Vert \xi \Vert }_{\mathcal{W}\left(0,T\right)}={\left({\Vert \xi \Vert }_{L^2\left(0,T;V\right)}^2+{\Vert {\xi }_t\Vert }_{L^2\left(0,T;V^{\ast }\right)}^2\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right)$ is defined by $\mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right)=\left\{\xi |\xi \in L^2\left(0,T;H^3\left(\Omega \right)\right),{\xi }_t\in L^2\left(0,T;V\right)\right\}$ endowed with the norm ${\Vert \xi \Vert }_{\mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right)}={\left({\Vert \xi \Vert }_{L^2\left(0,T;H^3\left(\Omega \right)\right)}^2+{\Vert {\xi }_t\Vert }_{L^2\left(0,T;V\right)}^2\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

It is easy to verify that the spaces $\mathcal{W}\left(0,T\right)$ and $\mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right)$ are both Hilbert spaces.

Definition 2.1. A function $u\left(t,x\right)\in \mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right)$ is said to be a weak solution of Equation (2.2), if $y\left(t,x\right)=u\left(t,x\right)-u_{xx}\left(t,x\right)\in \mathcal{W}\left(0,T\right)$ satisfies

$\{\begin{array}{l}{\left(y_t\left(t,\cdot \right),\phi (\cdot )\right)}_H+{\left(c_0{u}_x\left(t,\cdot \right),\phi (\cdot )\right)}_H+{\left(u\left(t,\cdot \right)y_x\left(t,\cdot \right),\phi (\cdot )\right)}_H\\ +{\left(b{u}_x\left(t,\cdot \right)y\left(t,\cdot \right),\phi (\cdot )\right)}_H+{\left(\Gamma u_{xxx}\left(t,\cdot \right),\phi (\cdot )\right)}_H={\left(f\left(t,\cdot \right),\phi (\cdot )\right)}_H,\\ u\left(t,x+L\right)=u\left(t,x\right),\forall x\in R,\forall t\in \left[0,T\right],\\ y\left(0,x\right)=y_0\left(x\right)\in V,\end{array}$ (2.3)

for $\forall \phi (\cdot )\in H$ in the sense of ${\mathcal{D}}^{\prime }\left(0,T\right)$ .

From now on, when we speak of a solution of Equation (2.2), we shall always mean the weak solution in the sense of Definition 2.1 unless noted otherwise.

We set an unbounded linear self-adjoint operator $Au=-u_{xx}$ , where $\forall u\in$ Math_106#. Then the set of all linearly independent

eigenvectors ${\left\{{\omega }_j\right\}}_{j\in N^{+}}$ of A with the eigenvalues ${\left\{{\lambda }_j^{\ast }\right\}}_{j\in N^{+}}$ , i.e., $A{\omega }_j={\lambda }_j^{\ast }{\omega }_j$ ,

$0<{\lambda }_1^{\ast }\le {\lambda }_2^{\ast }\le \cdot \cdot \cdot \le {\lambda }_j^{\ast }\to \infty$ as $j\to \infty$ ,

is an orthonormal basis of H.

Furthermore, we can define the powers $A^s$ of A for $s\in N^{+}$ , where the space $\text{D}\left(A^s\right)$ is a Hilbert space which is endowed with the norm ${\Vert A^s\cdot \Vert }_H$ . It can be found that the following expression holds

$A^s{\omega }_j={\left(-1\right)}^s{\partial }_x^{2s}{\omega }_j={\lambda }_j^s{\omega }_j$ ,

where ${\left\{{\omega }_j\right\}}_{j\in N^{+}}$ are eigenvectors of $A^s$ and ${\left\{{\lambda }_j^s\right\}}_{j\in N^{+}}$ are eigenvalues.

Definition 2.2. A function $u_m\left(t,x\right)={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{m}{\sum }}{a}_{jm}\left(t\right){\omega }_j\left(x\right)}\in C^1\left(\left[0,T\right];S_m\right)$ is called

an approximate solution to Equation (2.2), if it satisfies

$\{\begin{array}{l}{\left(y_{m,t}\left(t,x\right),{\omega }_j\right)}_H+{\left(c_0{u}_{m,x}\left(t,x\right),{\omega }_j\right)}_H+{\left(u_m\left(t,x\right)y_{m,x}\left(t,x\right),{\omega }_j\right)}_H\\ +{\left(b{u}_{m,x}\left(t,x\right)y_m\left(t,x\right),{\omega }_j\right)}_H+{\left(\Gamma u_{m,xxx}\left(t,x\right),{\omega }_j\right)}_H={\left(f\left(t,x\right),{\omega }_j\right)}_H,\\ u_m\left(t,x+L\right)=u_m\left(t,x\right),\forall x\in R,\forall t\in \left[0,T\right],\\ y_m\left(0,x\right)={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{m}{\sum }}{\chi }_{jm}{\omega }_j}\to y_0\left(x\right)\in V,\text{as}m\to \infty ,\end{array}$ (2.4)

where $y_m\left(t,x\right)=u_m\left(t,x\right)-u_{m,xx}\left(t,x\right)$ , $S_m=span\left\{{\omega }_1\left(x\right),{\omega }_2\left(x\right),\cdots ,{\omega }_m\left(x\right)\right\}$ and

$a_{jm}\left(t\right)\in C^1\left(\left[0,T\right];R\right)$ .

Lemma 2.1. Let $y\left(t,x\right)=u\left(t,x\right)-u_{xx}\left(t,x\right)\in \mathcal{W}\left(0,T\right)$ and $u\left(t,x\right)$ satisfies the boundary conditions of Equation (2.1). Then, we get

${\Vert u\left(t,x\right)\Vert }_{\mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right)}\le C{\Vert y\left(t,x\right)\Vert }_{\mathcal{W}\left(0,T\right)}$ ,

where $C>0$ is a constant.

The proof of Lemma 2.1 can be referred to our article [79] [80] .

Theorem 2.1. Assume that $f\left(t,x\right)\in L^2\left(0,T;V\right)$ and $y_0\left(x\right)\in V$ . Then, Equation (2.2) exhibits a unique weak solution $u\left(t,x\right)\in \mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right)$ .

Proof: Multiplying both sides of the first equation in Equation (2.4) by $a_{jm}\left(t\right)$ and summing up over j from 1 to m, we have

$\begin{array}{l}{\left(y_{m,t},u_m\right)}_H+{\left(c_0{u}_{m,x},u_m\right)}_H+{\left(u_m{y}_{m,x},u_m\right)}_H+{\left(b{u}_{m,x}{y}_m,u_m\right)}_H\\ +{\left(\Gamma u_{m,xxx},u_m\right)}_H={\left(f,u_m\right)}_H.\end{array}$

This gives

$\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}\left({\Vert u_m\Vert }_H^2+{\Vert u_m\Vert }_V^2\right)=\left(2-b\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_{m,x}^3\text{d}x}+2{\left(f,u_m\right)}_H$ . (2.5)

Because $f\left(t,x\right)\in L^2\left(0,T;V\right)$ is a forcing function, we can assume that ${\Vert f\Vert }_V\le M_1$ , where $M_1>0$ is constant.

It then derives from Equation (2.5) that

$\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}\left({\Vert u_m\Vert }_H^2+{\Vert u_m\Vert }_V^2\right)\le \left|2-b\right|{\lambda }_2{\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}{\Vert u_m\Vert }_V^2+{\lambda }_1^2{M}_1^2+{\Vert u_m\Vert }_H^2$ , (2.6)

where ${\lambda }_i>0,i=1,2$ are embedding constants. In order to estimate the term ${\Vert u_m\Vert }_H^2+{\Vert u_m\Vert }_V^2$ , we should estimate the term ${\left\{u_m\right\}}_{m\in N^{+}}$ in $H^2\left(\Omega \right)$ .

Multiplying both sides of the first equation in Equation (2.4) by ${\lambda }_j^{\ast }{a}_{jm}\left(t\right)$ and summing up over j from 1 to m, we get

$\begin{array}{l}{\left(y_{m,t},-u_{m,xx}\right)}_H+{\left(c_0{u}_{m,x},-u_{m,xx}\right)}_H+{\left(u_m{y}_{m,x},-u_{m,xx}\right)}_H\\ +{\left(b{u}_{m,x}{y}_m,-u_{m,xx}\right)}_H+{\left(\Gamma u_{m,xxx},-u_{m,xx}\right)}_H={\left(f,-u_{m,xx}\right)}_H.\end{array}$

The above equation implies that

$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}\left({\Vert u_m\Vert }_V^2+{\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2\right)+\left(b+1\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_{m,x}^3\text{d}x}+\left(2b-1\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_{m,x}{u}_{m,xx}^2\text{d}x}\\ =2{\left(f,-u_{m,xx}\right)}_H.\end{array}$ (2.7)

By the use of the Sobolev embedding theorem, we can estimate the following items as

$-\left(b+1\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_{m,x}^3\text{d}x}\le \left|b+1\right|{\Vert u_{m,x}\Vert }_{L^{\infty }}{\Vert u_m\Vert }_V^2\le \left|b+1\right|{\lambda }_2{\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}{\Vert u_m\Vert }_V^2$ ;

$-\left(2b-1\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_{m,x}{u}_{m,xx}^2\text{d}x}\le \left|2b-1\right|{\Vert u_{m,x}\Vert }_{L^{\infty }}{\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2\le \left|2b-1\right|{\lambda }_2{\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^3$

and

$2{\left(f,-u_{m,xx}\right)}_H\le 2{\Vert f\Vert }_H{\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}\le 2{\lambda }_1{M}_1{\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}$ ,

where ${\lambda }_i>0,i=1,2$ are embedding constants.

Therefore, we can deduce from Equation (2.7) that

$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}\left({\Vert u_m\Vert }_V^2+{\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2\right)\\ \le \left|b+1\right|{\lambda }_2{\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}{\Vert u_m\Vert }_V^2+\left|2b-1\right|{\lambda }_2{\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^3+2{\lambda }_1{M}_1{\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}\\ \le {\beta }_1{\lambda }_2{\left({\Vert u_m\Vert }_V^2+{\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2+\frac{2{\lambda }_1{M}_1}{{\beta }_1{\lambda }_2}\right)}^{\frac{3}{2}},\end{array}$

where

${\beta }_1=\max \left\{\left|b+1\right|,\left|2b-1\right|\right\}$ . (2.8)

From inequality (2.8), we can obtain that

$\begin{array}{l}{\Vert u_m\Vert }_V^2+{\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2\le \frac{{\Vert u_m\left(0,x\right)\Vert }_V^2+{\Vert u_m\left(0,x\right)\Vert }_{H^2}^2+\frac{2{\lambda }_1{M}_1}{{\beta }_1{\lambda }_2}}{{\left[1-\frac{{\beta }_1{\lambda }_2}{2}t\sqrt{{\Vert u_m\left(0,x\right)\Vert }_V^2+{\Vert u_m\left(0,x\right)\Vert }_{H^2}^2+\frac{2{\lambda }_1{M}_1}{{\beta }_1{\lambda }_2}}\right]}^2}\\ -\frac{2{\lambda }_1{M}_1}{{\beta }_1{\lambda }_2}\triangleq M_2^2,\end{array}$ (2.9)

where $\forall t\in \left[0,T\right]$ , $T<\frac{2}{\sqrt{{\beta }_1^2{\lambda }_2^2\left({\Vert u_m\left(0,x\right)\Vert }_V^2+{\Vert u_m\left(0,x\right)\Vert }_{H^2}^2\right)+2{\beta }_1{\lambda }_1{\lambda }_2{M}_1}}$ and $M_2>0$ is a constant.

Therefore, combining the boundedness of the sequence ${\left\{u_m\right\}}_{m\in N^{+}}$ in $H^2\left(\Omega \right)$ with the inequality (2.6), we can derive that

$\begin{array}{l}{\Vert u_m\Vert }_H^2+{\Vert u_m\Vert }_V^2\le \left({\Vert u_m\left(0,x\right)\Vert }_H^2+{\Vert u_m\left(0,x\right)\Vert }_V^2+{\lambda }_1^2{M}_1^2\right)\exp \left({\beta }_{2}t\right)\\ -{\lambda }_1^2{M}_1^2\triangleq M_3^2,\end{array}$ (2.10)

where $\forall t\in \left[0,T\right]$ , ${\beta }_2=\max \left\{\left|2-b\right|{\lambda }_2{M}_2,1\right\}$ and $M_3$ is some positive constant.

Similarly, multiplying both sides of the first equation in Equation (2.4) by ${\left({\lambda }_j^{\ast }\right)}^2{a}_{jm}\left(t\right)$ and summing up over j from 1 to m, we can get

$\begin{array}{l}{\left(y_{m,t},u_{m,xxxx}\right)}_H+{\left(c_0{u}_{m,x},u_{m,xxxx}\right)}_H+{\left(u_m{y}_{m,x},u_{m,xxxx}\right)}_H\\ +{\left(b{u}_{m,x}{y}_m,u_{m,xxxx}\right)}_H+\left(\Gamma u_{m,xxx},u_{m,xxxx}\right)={\left(f,u_{m,xxxx}\right)}_H.\end{array}$

By integration by parts in the above equation, we can deduce that

$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}\left({\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2+{\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^3\left(\Omega \right)}^2\right)+5\left(b+1\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_{m,x}{u}_{m,xx}^2\text{d}x}+\left(2b+1\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_{m,x}{u}_{m,xxx}^2\text{d}x}\\ =2{\left(f,u_{m,xxxx}\right)}_H.\end{array}$ (2.11)

Using the Sobolev embedding theorem, inequality (2.9) and boundary conditions of Equation (2.4), we can estimate the following each item

$\begin{array}{c}-5\left(b+1\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_{m,x}{u}_{m,xx}^2\text{d}x}\le 5\left|b+1\right|{\Vert u_{m,x}\Vert }_{L^{\infty }}{\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2\\ \le 5\left|b+1\right|{\lambda }_2{\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^3\\ \le 5\left|b+1\right|{\lambda }_2{M}_2^3;\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{c}-\left(2b+1\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_{m,x}{u}_{m,xxx}^2\text{d}x}\le \left|2b+1\right|{\Vert u_{m,x}\Vert }_{L^{\infty }}{\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^3\left(\Omega \right)}^2\\ \le \left|2b+1\right|{\lambda }_2{M}_2{\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^3\left(\Omega \right)}^2\end{array}$

and

$2{\left(f,u_{m,xxxx}\right)}_H\le 2\left|{\left(f_x,-u_{m,xxx}\right)}_H\right|\le 2{\Vert f\Vert }_V{\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^3\left(\Omega \right)}\le M_1^2+{\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^3\left(\Omega \right)}^2$ .

Combining above estimates, Equation (2.11) can be deduced into the following inequality

$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}\left({\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2+{\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^3\left(\Omega \right)}^2\right)\\ \le \left(\left|2b+1\right|{\lambda }_2{M}_2+1\right){\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^3\left(\Omega \right)}^2+\left(5\left|b+1\right|{\lambda }_2{M}_2^3+M_1^2\right)\\ \le \left(\left|2b+1\right|{\lambda }_2{M}_2+1\right)\left({\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2+{\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^3\left(\Omega \right)}^2\right)+\left(5\left|b+1\right|{\lambda }_2{M}_2^3+M_1^2\right).\end{array}$ (2.12)

From inequality (2.12), we can obtain that

$\begin{array}{l}{\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2+{\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^3\left(\Omega \right)}^2\\ \le \frac{\left[\left(\left|2b+1\right|{\lambda }_2{M}_2+1\right)\left({\Vert u_m\left(0,x\right)\Vert }_{H^2}^2+{\Vert u_m\left(0,x\right)\Vert }_{H^3}^2\right)+\left(5\left|b+1\right|{\lambda }_2{M}_2^3+M_1^2\right)\right]\exp \left[\left(\left|2b+1\right|{\lambda }_2{M}_2+1\right)t\right]}{\left|2b+1\right|{\lambda }_2{M}_2+1}\\ -\frac{5\left|b+1\right|{\lambda }_2{M}_2^3+M_1^2}{\left|2b+1\right|{\lambda }_2{M}_2+1}\\ \triangleq M_4^2\end{array}$ (2.13)

where $\forall t\in \left[0,T\right]$ , $T<\frac{2}{\sqrt{{\beta }_1^2{\lambda }_2^2\left({\Vert u_m\left(0,x\right)\Vert }_V^2+{\Vert u_m\left(0,x\right)\Vert }_{H^2}^2\right)+2{\beta }_1{\lambda }_1{\lambda }_2{M}_1}}$ and $M_4>0$ is a constant.

Hence, combining estimate inequality (2.9) and (2.13), we can find that

${\Vert y_m\Vert }_V^2={\Vert u_{m,x}-u_{m,xxx}\Vert }_H^2={\Vert u_m\Vert }_V^2+2{\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2+{\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^3\left(\Omega \right)}^2\le M_2^2+M_4^2$ , (2.14)

which indicate $y_m\in V$ . We also can have $y_m\in H$ from the fact of V embeds into H.

Combining estimate inequality (2.9) and (2.10), we also can know that

${\Vert y_m\Vert }_H^2={\Vert u_m-u_{m,xx}\Vert }_H^2={\Vert u_m\Vert }_H^2+2{\Vert u_m\Vert }_V^2+{\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2\le M_2^2+M_3^2$ . (2.15)

Therefore, we deduce from inequality (2.14) that

${\Vert y_m\Vert }_{L^2\left(0,T;V\right)}^2\le \left(M_2^2+M_4^2\right)T$ , (2.16)

which indicates ${\left\{y_m\right\}}_{m\in N^{+}}$ is uniformly bounded in $L^2\left(0,T;V\right)$ .

Afterward, we will prove uniform boundedness of sequence ${\left\{y_{m,t}\right\}}_{m\in N^{+}}$ in $L^2\left(0,T;V^{\ast }\right)$ . Indeed, from the first equation of Equation (2.2) and the Sobolev embedding theorem, we have

$\begin{array}{c}{\Vert y_{m,t}\Vert }_{V^{\ast }}\le {\Vert f\Vert }_{V^{\ast }}+\left|c_0\right|{\Vert u_m\Vert }_H+{\lambda }_2{\Vert u_m\Vert }_V{\Vert y_m\Vert }_H\\ +\left|b\right|{\lambda }_2{\Vert u_m\Vert }_H\Vert y_m\Vert {}_V+\left|\Gamma \right|{\Vert u_m\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}\\ \le {\lambda }_3{M}_1+\left|c_0\right|M_3+{\lambda }_2{M}_3\sqrt{M_2^2+M_3^2}\\ +\left|b\right|{\lambda }_2{M}_2\sqrt{M_2^2+M_4^2}+\left|\Gamma \right|M_2,\end{array}$ (2.17)

where ${\lambda }_i>0,i=2,3$ are embedding constants as before.

It derives from inequality (2.17) that

$\begin{array}{l}{\Vert y_{m,t}\Vert }_{L^2\left(0,T;V^{\ast }\right)}^2\\ \le {\left[{\lambda }_3{M}_1+\left|c_0\right|M_3+{\lambda }_2{M}_3\sqrt{M_2^2+M_3^2}+\left|b\right|{\lambda }_2{M}_2\sqrt{M_2^2+M_4^2}+\left|\Gamma \right|M_2\right]}^{2}T.\end{array}$

Collecting the analysis above, one has:

(I) For $\forall t\in \left[0,T\right]$ , where $T<\frac{2}{\sqrt{{\beta }_1^2{\lambda }_2^2\left({\Vert u_m\left(0,x\right)\Vert }_V^2+{\Vert u_m\left(0,x\right)\Vert }_{H^2}^2\right)+2{\beta }_1{\lambda }_1{\lambda }_2{M}_1}}$ ,

the sequence ${\left\{y_m\right\}}_{m\in N^{+}}$ is bounded in $L^2\left(0,T;H\right)$ as well as in $L^2\left(0,T;V\right)$ , which is independent of the dimension of ansatz space $S_m$ .

(II) For $\forall t\in \left[0,T\right]$ , where

$T<\frac{2}{\sqrt{{\beta }_1^2{\lambda }_2^2\left({\Vert u_m\left(0,x\right)\Vert }_V^2+{\Vert u_m\left(0,x\right)\Vert }_{H^2}^2\right)+2{\beta }_1{\lambda }_1{\lambda }_2{M}_1}}$ ,

the sequence ${\left\{y_m{}_{,t}\right\}}_{m\in N^{+}}$ is bounded in $L^2\left(0,T;V^{\ast }\right)$ , which is also independent of the dimension of ansatz space $S_m$ .

So, we obtain the boundedness of ${\left\{y_m\right\}}_{m\in N^{+}}$ in $\mathcal{W}\left(0,T\right)$ from (I) and (II) mentioned above. By the extraction theorem of Rellich’s, there may extract a subsequence $\left\{y_{m_k}\right\}$ of ${\left\{y_m\right\}}_{m\in N^{+}}$ and find a $y\in \mathcal{W}\left(0,T\right)$ such that

$y_{m_k}\stackrel{\text{weakly}}{\to }y$ in $\mathcal{W}\left(0,T\right)$ , as $k\to \infty$ . (2.18)

Utilizing the fact that V embeds H compactly and (2.18), we can refer to the conclusion of Aubin-Lions-Teman’s compact embedding theorem to verify that $\left\{y_{m_k}\right\}$ is pre-compact in $L^2\left(0,T;H\right)$ . Hence we can choose a subsequence (denoted again by $\left\{y_{m_k}\right\}$ ) of $\left\{y_{m_k}\right\}$ such that

$y_{m_k}\stackrel{\text{strongly}}{\to }y$ in $L^2\left(0,T;H\right)$ , as $k\to \infty$ . (2.19)

Because $\mathcal{W}\left(0,T\right)$ embeds into $\mathcal{C}\left(0,T;H\right)$ , we can obtain that $u_m\in$ Math_214#. Then, by virtue of (2.19), we can find a subsequence (denoted again by $\left\{u_{m_k}\right\}$ ) of $\left\{u_{m_k}\right\}$ such that

$u_{m_k}\stackrel{\text{strongly}}{\to }u$ in $H^2\left(\Omega \right)$ , as $k\to \infty$ , for $\forall t\in \left[0,T\right]$ a.e.. (2.20)

Combining (2.18)-(2.20) and the Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem, we have

$u_{m_k}{y}_{m_k,x}\stackrel{\text{weakly}}{\to }u{y}_x$ in $L^2\left(0,T;H\right)$ , as $k\to \infty$ ; (2.21)

$u_{m_k,x}{y}_{m_k}\stackrel{\text{strongly}}{\to }{u}_{x}y$ in $L^2\left(0,T;H\right)$ , as $k\to \infty$ ; (2.22)

$u_{m_k,xxx}\stackrel{\text{weakly}}{\to }{u}_{xxx}$ in $L^2\left(0,T;H\right)$ , as $k\to \infty$ . (2.23)

We replace $y_m$ and $u_m$ by $y_{m_k}$ and $u_{m_k}$ respectively in the first equation of Equation (2.4), which yields

$\begin{array}{l}{\left(y_{m_k,t},{\omega }_j\right)}_H+{\left(c_0{u}_{m_k,x},{\omega }_j\right)}_H+{\left(u_{m_k}{y}_{m_k,x},{\omega }_j\right)}_H\\ +{\left(b{u}_{m_k,x}{y}_{m_k},{\omega }_j\right)}_H+{\left(\Gamma u_{m_k,xxx},{\omega }_j\right)}_H={\left(f,{\omega }_j\right)}_H.\end{array}$ (2.24)

Multiplying both sides of Equation (2.24) by $\alpha \left(t\right)$ , where $\alpha \left(t\right)\in C^1\left[0,T\right]$ , $\alpha \left(T\right)=0$ and integrating the result equation over $\left[0,T\right]$ , we have

$\begin{array}{l}{\displaystyle {\int }_0^T[-{\left(y_{m_k,},{\alpha }_t{\omega }_j\right)}_H+{\left(c_0{u}_{m_k,x},\alpha {\omega }_j\right)}_H+{\left(u_{m_k}{y}_{m_k,x},\alpha {\omega }_j\right)}_H}\\ +{\left(b{u}_{m_k,x}{y}_{m_k},\alpha {\omega }_j\right)}_H+{\left(\Gamma u_{m_k,xxx},\alpha {\omega }_j\right)}_H]\text{d}t\\ ={\displaystyle {\int }_0^T{\left(f,\alpha {\omega }_j\right)}_H\text{d}t}+{\left(y_{m_k}\left(0,x\right),\alpha \left(0\right){\omega }_j\right)}_H\end{array}$ (2.25)

Utilizing (2.19), (2.21)-(2.23), we may pass to the limit in Equation (2.25). Then, we get

$\begin{array}{l}{\displaystyle {\int }_0^T[-{\left(y,{\alpha }_t{\omega }_j\right)}_H+{\left(c_0{u}_x,\alpha {\omega }_j\right)}_H+{\left(u{y}_x,\alpha {\omega }_j\right)}_H}\\ +{\left(b{u}_{x}y,\alpha {\omega }_j\right)}_H+{\left(\Gamma u_{xxx},\alpha {\omega }_j\right)}_H]\text{d}t\\ ={\displaystyle {\int }_0^T{\left(f,\alpha {\omega }_j\right)}_H\text{d}t}+{\left(y_0,\alpha \left(0\right){\omega }_j\right)}_H.\end{array}$ (2.26)

We can find Equation (2.26) is true for any $\alpha \left(t\right)$ . Therefore, we may take, then Equation (2.26) gives

$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}{\left(y\left(t,x\right),{\omega }_j\right)}_H+{\left(c_0{u}_x\left(t,x\right),\alpha {\omega }_j\right)}_H+{\left(u\left(t,x\right)y_x\left(t,x\right),{\omega }_j\right)}_H\\ +{\left(b{u}_x\left(t,x\right)y\left(t,x\right),{\omega }_j\right)}_H+{\left(\Gamma u_{xxx}\left(t,x\right),{\omega }_j\right)}_H={\left(f\left(t,x\right),{\omega }_j\right)}_H\end{array}$

in the sense of ${\mathcal{D}}^{\prime }\left(0,T\right)$ .

Since j is arbitrary and finite linear combinations of ${\omega }_j$ is dense in H, we can find that $y\left(t,x\right)\in \mathcal{W}\left(0,T\right)$ satisfies Definition 2.1. Hence, from complex analysis above and Lemma 2.1, we obtain the existence of weak solution $u\left(t,x\right)\in$ Math_248# to Equation (2.2).

Next we will discuss the uniqueness of this weak solution.

Let $u_1$ and $u_2$ be any two weak solutions of Equation (2.1) and set $\eta \left(t,x\right)$ $=u_1\left(t,x\right)-u_2\left(t,x\right)$ . Then $\eta$ satisfies

$\{\begin{array}{l}{\eta }_t-{\eta }_{xxt}+c_0{\eta }_x+\left(b+1\right)u_1{\eta }_x+\left(b+1\right)u_{2,x}\eta +\Gamma {\eta }_{xxx}-b{u}_{1,x}{\eta }_{xx}\\ -b{u}_{2,xx}{\eta }_x-u_1{\eta }_{xxx}-u_{2,xxx}\eta =0,\\ \eta \left(t,x+L\right)=\eta \left(t,x\right),\forall x\in R,\forall t\in \left[0,T\right],\\ \eta \left(0,x\right)={\eta }_x\left(0,x\right)={\eta }_{xx}\left(0,x\right)=0,\forall x\in R.\end{array}$ (2.27)

Taking the inner product of both sides of the first equation in Equation (2.27) with $\eta$ , we obtain

$\begin{array}{c}\frac{1}{2}\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}\left({\Vert \eta \Vert }_H^2+{\Vert \eta \Vert }_V^2\right)=-\left(\left(b+1\right)u_1{\eta }_x,\eta \right)-\left(\left(b+1\right)u_{2,x}\eta ,\eta \right)+\left(b{u}_{1,x}{\eta }_{xx},\eta \right)\\ +\left(b{u}_{2,xx}{\eta }_x,\eta \right)+\left(u_1{\eta }_{xxx},\eta \right)+\left(u_{2,xxx}\eta ,\eta \right).\end{array}$ (2.28)

The right hand side of Equation (2.28) can be estimated as follows:

$-\left(\left(b+1\right)u_1{\eta }_x,\eta \right)\le \left|b+1\right|{\Vert u_1\Vert }_{L^{\infty }}{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }\left|{\eta }_x\eta \right|\text{d}x}\le \frac{\left|b+1\right|{\lambda }_2{C}_1}{2}\left({\Vert \eta \Vert }_H^2+{\Vert \eta \Vert }_V^2\right)$ ;

$\begin{array}{c}-\left(\left(b+1\right)u_{2,x}\eta ,\eta \right)\le \left|b+1\right|{\Vert u_{2,x}\Vert }_{L^{\infty }}{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{\left|\eta \right|}^2\text{d}x}\le \left|b+1\right|{\lambda }_2{\Vert u_2\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}{\Vert \eta \Vert }_H^2\\ \le \left|b+1\right|{\lambda }_2{C}_2{\Vert \eta \Vert }_H^2;\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{c}\left(b{u}_{1,x}{\eta }_{xx},\eta \right)=-b{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_{1,xx}\eta {\eta }_x\text{d}x}-b{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_{1,x}{\eta }_x^2\text{d}x}\\ \le \left|b\right|{\Vert u_{1,xx}\Vert }_{L^{\infty }}{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }\left|\eta {\eta }_x\right|\text{d}x}+\left|b\right|{\Vert u_{1,x}\Vert }_{L^{\infty }}{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{\left|{\eta }_x\right|}^2\text{d}x}\\ \le \frac{\left|b\right|{\lambda }_2}{2}{\Vert u_1\Vert }_{H^3\left(\Omega \right)}\left({\Vert \eta \Vert }_H^2+{\Vert \eta \Vert }_V^2\right)+\left|b\right|{\lambda }_2{\Vert u_1\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}{\Vert \eta \Vert }_V^2\\ \le \frac{\left|b\right|{\lambda }_2}{2}{C}_3\left({\Vert \eta \Vert }_H^2+{\Vert \eta \Vert }_V^2\right)+\left|b\right|{\lambda }_2{C}_4{\Vert \eta \Vert }_V^2;\end{array}$

$\left(b{u}_{2,xx}{\eta }_x,\eta \right)\le \frac{\left|b\right|{\lambda }_2}{2}{\Vert u_2\Vert }_{H^3\left(\Omega \right)}\left({\Vert \eta \Vert }_H^2+{\Vert \eta \Vert }_V^2\right)\le \frac{\left|b\right|{\lambda }_2}{2}{C}_5\left({\Vert \eta \Vert }_H^2+{\Vert \eta \Vert }_V^2\right)$ ;

$\begin{array}{c}\left(u_1{\eta }_{xxx},\eta \right)={\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_{1,xx}\eta {\eta }_x\text{d}x}+\frac{3}{2}{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_{1,x}{\eta }_x^2\text{d}x}\\ \le {\Vert u_{1,xx}\Vert }_{L^{\infty }}{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }\left|{\eta }_x\eta \right|\text{d}x}+\frac{3}{2}{\Vert u_{1,x}\Vert }_{L^{\infty }}{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{\left|{\eta }_x\right|}^2\text{d}x}\\ \le \frac{{\lambda }_2}{2}{\Vert u_1\Vert }_{H^3\left(\Omega \right)}\left({\Vert \eta \Vert }_H^2+{\Vert \eta \Vert }_V^2\right)+\frac{3{\lambda }_2}{2}{\Vert u_1\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}{\Vert \eta \Vert }_V^2\\ \le \frac{{\lambda }_2{C}_3}{2}\left({\Vert \eta \Vert }_H^2+{\Vert \eta \Vert }_V^2\right)+\frac{3{\lambda }_2{C}_4}{2}{\Vert \eta \Vert }_V^2;\end{array}$

$\left(u_{2,xxx}\eta ,\eta \right)=-2{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_{2,xx}\eta {\eta }_x\text{d}x}\le {\lambda }_2{\Vert u_2\Vert }_{H^3\left(\Omega \right)}\left({\Vert \eta \Vert }_H^2+{\Vert \eta \Vert }_V^2\right)\le {\lambda }_2{C}_5\left({\Vert \eta \Vert }_H^2+{\Vert \eta \Vert }_V^2\right)$ ,

where ${\lambda }_2>0$ is an embedding constant and $C_i>0,i=1,2,\cdot \cdot \cdot ,5$ are some con- stants.

Combining all complex estimates above and Equation (2.28), we can deduce that

$\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}\left({\Vert \eta \Vert }_H^2+{\Vert \eta \Vert }_V^2\right)\le \beta \left({\Vert \eta \Vert }_H^2+{\Vert \eta \Vert }_V^2\right)$ , (2.29)

where

$\begin{array}{l}\beta =\max \{\left|b+1\right|{\lambda }_2{C}_1+2\left|b+1\right|{\lambda }_2{C}_2+\left(\left|b\right|+1\right){\lambda }_2{C}_3+\left(\left|b\right|+2\right){\lambda }_2{C}_5,\\ \left|b+1\right|{\lambda }_2{C}_1+\left(\left|b\right|+1\right){\lambda }_2{C}_3+\left(2\left|b\right|+3\right){\lambda }_2{C}_4+\left(\left|b\right|+2\right){\lambda }_2{C}_5\}.\end{array}$

Integrating inequality (2.29) with respect to t over $\left[0,t\right)$ , we have

$\left({\Vert \eta \left(t,x\right)\Vert }_H^2+{\Vert \eta \left(t,x\right)\Vert }_V^2\right)\le \left({\Vert \eta \left(0,x\right)\Vert }_H^2+{\Vert \eta \left(0,x\right)\Vert }_V^2\right)\exp \left(\beta t\right)$ , (2.30)

where $\forall t\in \left[0,T\right]$ . It follows from $\eta \left(0,x\right)=0$ that ${\Vert \eta \left(t,x\right)\Vert }_H^2+{\Vert \eta \left(t,x\right)\Vert }_V^2=0$ , which implies $u_1\left(t,x\right)=u_2\left(t,x\right)$ .

This completes the proof of uniqueness.

3. The Existence and Uniqueness of an Optimal Control

In this section, we will give the formulation of the quadratic cost optimal control problem for b-equation and investigate the existence and uniqueness of an optimal solution.

Let $\mathcal{U}$ be a Hilbert space of control variables, and $B\in L\left(\mathcal{U},L^2\left(0,T;V\right)\right)$ be an operator called a controller. We assume that the admissible set ${\mathcal{U}}_{ad}$ be a bounded closed convex set, which has the non-empty interior with respect to $\mathcal{U}$ topology, i.e. ${\mathrm{int}}_{L^2\left(0,T\right)}{\mathcal{U}}_{ad}\ne \varnothing$ .

We study the following nonlinear control system:

$\{\begin{array}{l}{y}_t\left(v;t,x\right)+c_0{u}_x\left(v;t,x\right)+u\left(v;t,x\right)y_x\left(v;t,x\right)\\ +b{u}_x\left(v;t,x\right)y\left(v;t,x\right)+\Gamma u_{xxx}\left(v;t,x\right)=Bv,\\ u\left(v;t,x+L\right)=u\left(v;t,x\right),\forall x\in R,\forall t\in \left[0,T\right],\\ y\left(v;0,x\right)=y_0\left(x\right)\in V,\end{array}$ (3.1)

where $v\in {\mathcal{U}}_{ad}$ is a control. By virtue of Theorem 2.1 and Equation (3.1), we can uniquely define the solution mapping $v\to u\left(v;t,x\right)$ of ${\mathcal{U}}_{ad}$ into $\mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right)$ . The weak solution $u\left(v;t,x\right)$ is called the state variable of the nonlinear control system (3.1).

The observation of the state is assumed to be given by

$z\left(v;t,x\right)=Cu\left(v;t,x\right)$ , (3.2)

where $C\in L\left(\mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right),\mathcal{M}\right)$ is an operator called the observer and $\mathcal{M}$ is a Hilbert space of the observation variables.

We shall consider the following quadratic cost functional associated with the nonlinear control system (3.1):

$I\left(v\right)={\Vert Cu\left(v;t,x\right)-z_d\Vert }_{\mathcal{M}}^2+{\left(Nv,v\right)}_{\mathcal{U}}$ , (3.3)

where $z_d\in \mathcal{M}$ is a desired value of $u\left(v;t,x\right)$ . $N\in L\left(\mathcal{U},\mathcal{U}\right)$ is symmetric and positive definite, i.e., ${\left(Nv,v\right)}_{\mathcal{U}}={\left(v,Nv\right)}_{\mathcal{U}}\ge \lambda {\Vert v\Vert }_{\mathcal{U}}^2$ , where $\lambda >0$ is some constant.

Hence, the discussed optimal control problem is to find an element $v^{\ast }\in {\mathcal{U}}_{ad}$ such that

$I\left(v^{\ast }\right)=\inf \left\{I\left(v\right)|\forall v\in {\mathcal{U}}_{ad}\right\}$ ,

which subject to the controlled system (3.1) together with the control constraints.

Now, we shall discuss the existence and uniqueness of an optimal control $v^{\ast }$ for the cost functional (3.3), which is the content of the following theorem.

Theorem 3.1. Let us suppose that the hypotheses of Theorem 2.1 are satisfied. Then there exists a unique optimal control $v^{\ast }\in {\mathcal{U}}_{ad}$ for the nonlinear control

system (3.1) with the cost functional (3.3), such that $I\left(v^{\ast }\right)=\underset{\forall v\in {\mathcal{U}}_{ad}}{\inf }I\left(v\right)$ .

Proof. Because ${\mathcal{U}}_{ad}\ne \varnothing$ is a closed convex set, there exists a minimizing sequence ${\left\{v_n\right\}}_{n\in N^{+}}$ in ${\mathcal{U}}_{ad}$ such that

$\underset{\forall v\in {\mathcal{U}}_{ad}}{\inf }I\left(v\right)=\underset{n\to \infty }{\lim }I\left(v_n\right)$ .

We set

$\pi \left(v_1,v_2\right)={\left(C\left(u\left(v_1;t,x\right)-u\left(0;t,x\right)\right),C\left(u\left(v_2;t,x\right)-u\left(0;t,x\right)\right)\right)}_{\mathcal{M}}+{\left(N{v}_1,v_2\right)}_{\mathcal{U}}$

and

$L\left(v\right)={\left(z_d-Cu\left(0;t,x\right),C\left(u\left(v;t,x\right)-u\left(0;t,x\right)\right)\right)}_{\mathcal{M}}$ .

Then cost functional (3.3) can be rewritten as

$I\left(v\right)=\pi \left(v,v\right)-2L\left(v\right)+{\Vert z_d-Cu\left(0;t,x\right)\Vert }_{\mathcal{M}}^2$ , (3.4)

where $\pi \left(v_1,v_2\right)$ is a continuous symmetric bilinear form on $\mathcal{U}$ and $L\left(v\right)$ is a continuous linear form on $\mathcal{U}$ .

Obviously, $\left\{I\left(v_n\right)\right\}$ is bounded in $R^{+}$ . So, the quadratic cost functional (3.3) implies that there exists a constant $M_0>0$ such that

$\lambda {\Vert v_n\Vert }_{\mathcal{U}}^2\le {\left(N{v}_n,v_n\right)}_{\mathcal{U}}\le I\left(v_n\right)\le M_0$ , (3.5)

which indicates that ${\left\{v_n\right\}}_{n\in N^{+}}$ is bounded in $\mathcal{U}$ . Because ${\mathcal{U}}_{ad}$ is closed and convex set, we can extract a subsequence $\left\{v_{n_k}\right\}\subset {\left\{v_n\right\}}_{n\in N^{+}}$ and find a $v^{\ast }\in {\mathcal{U}}_{ad}$ such that

$v_{n_k}\stackrel{\text{weakly}}{\to }{v}^{\ast }$ in $\mathcal{U}$ , as $k\to \infty$ . (3.6)

From now on, each state variable $u_n\left(t,x\right)=u\left(v_n;t,x\right)\in \mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right)$ corresponding to $v_n$ is the solution of

$\{\begin{array}{l}{y}_{n,t}+c_0{u}_{n,x}+u_n{y}_{n,x}+b{u}_{n,x}{y}_n+\Gamma u_{n,xxx}=B{v}_n,\\ u_n\left(t,x+L\right)=u_n\left(t,x\right),\forall x\in R,\forall t\in \left[0,T\right],\\ y_n\left(0,x\right)\to y_0\left(x\right),\end{array}$ (3.7)

where $y_n=u_n-u_{n,xx}$ .

From inequality (3.5), the right hand side of the first equation in Equation (3.7) can be estimated as

${\Vert B{v}_n\Vert }_{L^2\left(0,T;V\right)}\le {\Vert B\Vert }_{L\left(\mathcal{U},L^2\left(0,T;V\right)\right)}{\Vert v_n\Vert }_{\mathcal{U}}\le {\Vert B\Vert }_{L\left(\mathcal{U},L^2\left(0,T;V\right)\right)}\sqrt{{\lambda }^{-1}{M}_0}\le M$ , (3.8)

where $M>0$ is some constant.

Utilizing inequality (3.8), we can apply the same method used in Theorem 2.1 to deduce that ${\left\{y_n\right\}}_{n\in N^{+}}$ is bounded in $\mathcal{W}\left(0,T\right)$ . Hence, by the extraction theorem of Rellich’s, we can extract a subsequence $\left\{y_{n_k}\right\}$ of ${\left\{y_n\right\}}_{n\in N^{+}}$ and find a $y=u-u_{xx}\in \mathcal{W}\left(0,T\right)$ such that

$y_{n_k}\stackrel{\text{weakly}}{\to }y$ in $\mathcal{W}\left(0,T\right)$ , as $k\to \infty$ . (3.9)

Using the fact that V embeds H compactly and the result of (3.9), we can refer to the conclusion of Aubin-Lions-Teman’s compact embedding theorem to verify that $\left\{y_{n_k}\right\}$ is pre-compact in $L^2\left(0,T;H\right)$ . So we can also choose a subsequence (denoted again by $\left\{y_{n_k}\right\}$ ) of $\left\{y_{n_k}\right\}$ such that

$y_{n_k}\stackrel{\text{strongly}}{\to }y$ , in $L^2\left(0,T;H\right)$ as $k\to \infty$ . (3.10)

On the other hand, because $\mathcal{W}\left(0,T\right)$ embeds into $\mathcal{C}\left(0,T;H\right)$ , we can infer that $u_n\in \mathcal{C}\left(0,T;H^2\left(\Omega \right)\right)$ . And from (3.10), we can get a subsequence (denoted again by $\left\{u_{n_k}\right\}$ ) of $\left\{u_{n_k}\right\}$ such that

$u_{n_k}\stackrel{\text{strongly}}{\to }u$ in $H^2\left(\Omega \right)$ , as $k\to \infty$ , for $t\in \left[0,T\right]$ a.e.. (3.11)

Combining (3.9)-(3.11) and the Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem, it is not difficult to obtain that

$u_{n_k,x}\stackrel{\text{strongly}}{\to }{u}_x$ in $L^2\left(0,T;H\right)$ , as $k\to \infty$ ; (3.12)

$u_{n_k}{y}_{n_k,x}\stackrel{\text{weakly}}{\to }u{y}_x$ in $L^2\left(0,T;H\right)$ , as $k\to \infty$ ; (3.13)

$u_{n_k,x}{y}_{n_k}\stackrel{\text{strongly}}{\to }{u}_{x}y$ in $L^2\left(0,T;H\right)$ , as $k\to \infty$ ; (3.14)

$u_{n_k,xxx}\stackrel{\text{weakly}}{\to }{u}_{xxx}$ in $L^2\left(0,T;H\right)$ , as $k\to \infty$ . (3.15)

We replace $u_n$ and $v_n$ by $u_{n_k}$ and $v_{n_k}$ in Equation (3.7) respectively, and take $k\to \infty$ . Then, by the standard arguments as in [83] , we find that the limit u satisfies the following equations:

$\{\begin{array}{l}{y}_t+c_{0}u+u{y}_x+b{u}_{x}y+\Gamma u_{xxx}=B{v}^{\ast },\\ u\left(t,x+L\right)=u\left(t,x\right),\forall x\in R,\forall t\in \left[0,T\right],\\ y\left(0,x\right)=y_0\left(x\right),\end{array}$ (3.16)

in weak sense, where $y=u-u_{xx}$ . Moreover, by the uniqueness of weak solution of Equation (3.16) via Theorem 2.1 and Lemma 2.1, we can conclude that $u=$ Math_371#, which implies $u\left(v_n;t,x\right)\stackrel{\text{weakly}}{\to }u\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)$ in $\mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right)$ .

Because the mapping $v\to \pi \left(v,v\right)$ is lower semi-continuous in the weak topology of $\mathcal{U}$ and ${\Vert \cdot \Vert }_{\mathcal{M}}$ is also lower semi-continuous. The mapping $v\to L\left(v\right)$ is continuous in the weak topology of $\mathcal{U}$ . Thus the mapping $v\to I\left(v\right)$ is weakly lower semi-continuous.

So, we can deduce from cost functional (3.4) that

$\underset{k\to \infty }{\lim \inf }I\left(v_n\right)\ge I\left(v^{\ast }\right)$ . (3.17)

At the same time, from inequality (3.17), we have

$\underset{\forall v\in {\mathcal{U}}_{ad}}{\inf }I\left(v\right)=\underset{n\to \infty }{\lim \inf }I\left(v_n\right)\ge I\left(v^{\ast }\right)$ .

Moreover, combining $I\left(v^{\ast }\right)\ge \underset{\forall v\in {\mathcal{U}}_{ad}}{\inf }I\left(v\right)$ by definition, we can obtain that

$I\left(v^{\ast }\right)=\underset{\forall v\in {\mathcal{U}}_{ad}}{\inf }I\left(v\right)$ . (3.18)

Next, we will prove the uniqueness of $v^{\ast }\in {\mathcal{U}}_{ad}$ in (3.18).

Because the mapping $v\to \pi \left(v,v\right)$ is strictly convex and the mapping $v\to L\left(v\right)$ is continuous. Hence the mapping $v\to I\left(v\right)$ is also strictly convex.

Let $v_1^{\ast }\in {\mathcal{U}}_{ad}$ and $v_2^{\ast }\in {\mathcal{U}}_{ad}$ be two optimal controls, which satisfy $I\left(v_1^{\ast }\right)=$

$\underset{\forall v\in {\mathcal{U}}_{ad}}{\inf }I\left(v\right)$ and $I\left(v_2^{\ast }\right)=\underset{\forall v\in {\mathcal{U}}_{ad}}{\inf }I\left(v\right)$ respectively. Because ${\mathcal{U}}_{ad}$ is a bounded closed convex set, we can get that $\frac{1}{2}\left(v_1^{\ast }+v_2^{\ast }\right)\in {\mathcal{U}}_{ad}$ . We thus can deduce that $I\left(\frac{1}{2}\left(v_1^{\ast }+v_2^{\ast }\right)\right)<\frac{1}{2}I\left(v_1^{\ast }\right)+\frac{1}{2}I\left(v_2^{\ast }\right)=\underset{\forall v\in {\mathcal{U}}_{ad}}{\inf }I\left(v\right)$ , which is a contradiction unless $v_1^{\ast }=v_2^{\ast }$ . This completes the proof.

From the above analysis, we can conclude that $\left(u\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right),v^{\ast }\right)$ of $\mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right)\times {\mathcal{U}}_{ad}$ is a unique optimal solution to the optimal control problem investigated.

4. The Sufficient and Necessary Optimality Condition

In this section, we shall characterize the optimal control by giving the sufficient and necessary condition for optimality. We firstly give the following lemma according to optimal control theory.

Lemma 4.1. Assume that the mapping $v\to I\left(v\right)$ is differentiable, strictly convex and ${\mathcal{U}}_{ad}$ is bounded. Then the unique element (optimal control) $v^{\ast }$ in

${\mathcal{U}}_{ad}$ satisfying $I\left(v^{\ast }\right)=\underset{v\in {\mathcal{U}}_{ad}}{\inf }I\left(v\right)$ can be characterized by

$I^{\prime }\left(v^{\ast }\right)\left(v-v^{\ast }\right)\ge 0$ , (4.1)

where $\forall v\in {\mathcal{U}}_{ad}$ and $I^{\prime }\left(v^{\ast }\right)$ denote the derivative of $I\left(v\right)$ at $v=v^{\ast }$ .

Proof. Let $v^{\ast }$ be the optimal control subject to Theorem 3.1. Then for $\forall v\in {\mathcal{U}}_{ad}$ and $\theta \in \left(0,1\right)$ , we have

$I\left(v^{\ast }\right)=I\left(\left(1-\theta \right)v^{\ast }+\theta v^{\ast }\right)\le I\left(\left(1-\theta \right)v^{\ast }+\theta v\right)$ . (4.2)

From inequality (4.2), we can derive that

${\theta }^{-1}\left[I\left(v^{\ast }+\theta \left(v-v^{\ast }\right)\right)-I\left(v^{\ast }\right)\right]\ge 0$ . (4.3)

Therefore, if we pass to the limit in inequality (4.3), we obtain that

$I^{\prime }\left(v^{\ast }\right)\left(v-v^{\ast }\right)\ge 0$ , where $\forall v\in {\mathcal{U}}_{ad}$ .

Alternatively, suppose inequality (4.1) remains true. Because the mapping $v\to I\left(v\right)$ is strictly convex, we can get

$I\left(\left(1-\theta \right)v^{\ast }+\theta v\right)<\left(1-\theta \right)I\left(v^{\ast }\right)+\theta I\left(v\right)$ , for $\forall \theta \in \left(0,1\right)$ . (4.4)

From inequality (4.4), we deduce that

${\theta }^{-1}\left[I\left(v^{\ast }+\theta \left(v-v^{\ast }\right)\right)-I\left(v^{\ast }\right)\right]<I\left(v\right)-I\left(v^{\ast }\right)$ . (4.5)

If we pass the limit in inequality (4.5), we can get

$0\le I^{\prime }\left(v^{\ast }\right)\left(v-v^{\ast }\right)=\underset{\theta \to 0}{\lim }\frac{I\left(v^{\ast }+\theta \left(v-v^{\ast }\right)\right)-I\left(v^{\ast }\right)}{\theta }<I\left(v\right)-I\left(v^{\ast }\right)$ ,

for $\forall v\in {\mathcal{U}}_{ad}$ , which completes the proof.

Conditions of the type (4.1) are usually termed as “first order sufficient and necessary condition”, in terminology of calculus of variations. In order to analyze inequality (4.1), we need to prove that the mapping $v\to u\left(v;t,x\right)$ of ${\mathcal{U}}_{ad}\to \mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right)$ is differentiable at $v=v^{\ast }$ .

Definition 4.1. The solution mapping $v\to u\left(v;t,x\right)$ of $\mathcal{U}$ into $\mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right)$ is said to be differentiable at $v=v^{\ast }$ in any direction w, if for $\forall w\in \mathcal{U}$ and $\theta \in \left(0,1\right)$ , there exists a $u^{\prime }\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)\in L\left(\mathcal{U},\mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right)\right)$ such that

${\theta }^{-1}\left[u\left(v^{\ast }+\theta w;t,x\right)-u\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)\right]\to u^{\prime }\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)w$ in $\mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right)$ , as $\theta \to 0$ .

The function $u^{\prime }\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)w\in \mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right)$ is called the directional derivative of $u\left(v;t,x\right)$ , which plays crucial in the following discussion.

Theorem 4.1. The mapping $v\to u\left(v;t,x\right)$ of ${\mathcal{U}}_{ad}$ into $\mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right)$ is derivative at $v=v^{\ast }$ and such the derivative of $u\left(v;t,x\right)$ at $v=v^{\ast }$ in the direction $w=v-v^{\ast }\in {\mathcal{U}}_{ad}$ , say $g=u^{\prime }\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)w$ , is a weak solution of the following equation:

$\{\begin{array}{l}{\mathcal{G}}_t+c_0{g}_x+g{y}_x+u\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right){\mathcal{G}}_x+b{g}_{x}y+b{u}_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)\mathcal{G}+\Gamma g_{xxx}=Bw,\\ g\left(t,x+L\right)=g\left(t,x\right),\forall x\in R,\forall t\in \left[0,T\right],\\ \mathcal{G}\left(0,x\right)=0,\end{array}$ (4.6)

where $y=u\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)-u_{xx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)$ and $\mathcal{G}=g-g_{xx}$ .

Proof. Let $\theta \in \left(-1,0\right)\cup \left(0,1\right)$ . We set $g_{\theta }={\theta }^{-1}\left(u\left(v^{\ast }+\theta w;t,x\right)-u\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)\right)$ and ${\mathcal{G}}_{\theta }=g_{\theta }-g_{\theta ,xx}$ . Then $g_{\theta }$ satisfies

$\{\begin{array}{l}{\mathcal{G}}_{\theta ,t}+c_0{g}_{\theta ,x}+g_{\theta }{y}_{\theta ,x}+u\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right){\mathcal{G}}_{\theta ,x}+b{g}_{\theta ,x}{y}_{\theta }+b{u}_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right){\mathcal{G}}_{\theta }+\Gamma g_{\theta ,xxx}=Bw,\\ g_{\theta }\left(t,x+L\right)=g_{\theta }\left(t,x\right),\forall x\in R,\forall t\in \left[0,T\right],\\ {\mathcal{G}}_{\theta }\left(0,x\right)=0,\end{array}$ (4.7)

where $y_{\theta }=u\left(v^{\ast }+\theta w;t,x\right)-u_{xx}\left(v^{\ast }+\theta w;t,x\right)$ .

In order to estimate ${\mathcal{G}}_{\theta }$ , we multiply both sides of the first equation in Equation (4.7) by $2g_{\theta }$ and integrate it over $\Omega$ . Then we get

$\begin{array}{c}\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}\left({\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_H^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_V^2\right)\\ =\left(4-2b\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{y}_{\theta }{g}_{\theta }{g}_{\theta ,x}\text{d}x}+\left(2-2b\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_{xx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)g_{\theta }{g}_{\theta ,x}\text{d}x}\\ +\left(3-2b\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)g_{\theta ,x}^2\text{d}x}+\left(1-2b\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)g_{\theta }^2\text{d}x}\\ +2{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }\left(Bw\right)g_{\theta }\text{d}x}.\end{array}$ (4.8)

Each item on the right hand of Equation (4.8) can be estimated as follows:

$\left(4-2b\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{y}_{\theta }{g}_{\theta }{g}_{\theta ,x}\text{d}x}\le \left|4-2b\right|{\Vert y_{\theta }\Vert }_{L^{\infty }}{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }\left|g_{\theta }{g}_{\theta ,x}\right|\text{d}x}\le \frac{\left|4-2b\right|m_1}{2}\left({\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_H^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_V^2\right)$ ;

$\begin{array}{c}\left(2-2b\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_{xx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)g_{\theta }{g}_{\theta ,x}\text{d}x}\\ \le \left|2-2b\right|{\Vert u_{xx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)\Vert }_{L^{\infty }}{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }\left|g_{\theta }{g}_{\theta ,x}\right|\text{d}x}\le \frac{\left|2-2b\right|m_2}{2}\left({\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_H^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_V^2\right);\end{array}$

$\left(3-2b\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)g_{\theta ,x}^2\text{d}x}\le \left|3-2b\right|{\Vert u_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)\Vert }_{L^{\infty }}{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_V^2\le \left|3-2b\right|m_3{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_V^2$ ;

$\left(1-2b\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)g_{\theta }^2\text{d}x}\le \left|1-2b\right|{\Vert u_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)\Vert }_{L^{\infty }}{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_H^2\le \left|1-2b\right|m_3{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_H^2$

and

$2{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }\left(Bw\right)g_{\theta }\text{d}x}\le {\Vert Bw\Vert }_H^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_H^2\le {\lambda }_1^2{\Vert Bw\Vert }_V^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_H^2$ ,

where ${\lambda }_1>0$ is an embedding constant and $m_i>0,i=1,2,3$ are some constants.

Hence, Equation (4.8) can be changed into

$\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}\left({\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_H^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_V^2\right)\le {\beta }_3\left({\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_H^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_V^2\right)+{\lambda }_1^2{\Vert Bw\Vert }_V^2$ , (4.9)

where

${\beta }_3=\left\{\frac{\left|4-2b\right|m_1}{2}+\frac{\left|2-2b\right|m_2}{2}+\left|1-2b\right|m_3+1,\frac{\left|4-2b\right|m_1}{2}+\frac{\left|2-2b\right|m_2}{2}+\left|3-2b\right|m_3\right\}$ .

It follows from inequality (4.9) and the Gronwall’s lemma that

$\begin{array}{c}{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_H^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_V^2\\ \le \exp \left({\beta }_{3}t\right)\left[\left({\Vert g_{\theta }\left(0,x\right)\Vert }_H^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\left(0,x\right)\Vert }_V^2\right)+{\lambda }_1^2{\displaystyle {\int }_0^t{\Vert Bw\Vert }_V^2\exp \left(-{\beta }_{3}s\right)\text{d}s}\right]\\ \triangleq {{\rm Z}}_1,\end{array}$ (4.10)

where $\forall t\in \left[0,T\right]$ .

Next, multiplying both sides of the first equation in Equation (4.7) by $-2g_{\theta ,xx}$ and integrating it over $\Omega$ , which gives

$\begin{array}{c}\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}\left({\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_V^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^2}^2\right)=\left(2b-2\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{g}_{\theta ,x}{g}_{\theta ,xx}{y}_{\theta }\text{d}x}-2{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{g}_{\theta }{g}_{\theta ,xxx}{y}_{\theta }\text{d}x}\\ +2{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }u\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)g_{\theta ,x}{g}_{\theta ,xx}\text{d}x}+2b{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)g_{\theta }{g}_{\theta ,xx}\text{d}x}\\ +\left(1-2b\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)g_{\theta ,xx}^2\text{d}x}-2{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }\left(Bw\right)g_{\theta ,xx}\text{d}x}.\end{array}$ (4.11)

Then, we estimate the each item of the right hand of Equation (4.11) as follows:

$\left(2b-2\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{g}_{\theta ,x}{g}_{\theta ,xx}{y}_{\theta }\text{d}x}\le \frac{\left|2b-2\right|m_1}{2}\left({\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_V^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2\right)$ ;

$-2{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{g}_{\theta }{g}_{\theta ,xxx}{y}_{\theta }\text{d}x}\le {\Vert y_{\theta }\Vert }_{L^{\infty }}\left|{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }2g_{\theta }{g}_{\theta ,xxx}\text{d}x}\right|=0$ ;

$\begin{array}{c}2{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }u\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)g_{\theta ,x}{g}_{\theta ,xx}\text{d}x}\le {\Vert u\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)\Vert }_{L^{\infty }}{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }\left|2g_{\theta ,x}{g}_{\theta ,xx}\right|\text{d}x}\\ \le m_4\left({\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_V^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2\right);\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{c}2b{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)g_{\theta }{g}_{\theta ,xx}\text{d}x}\le \left|b\right|{\Vert u_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)\Vert }_{L^{\infty }}\left({\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_H^2+{\Vert g_{\theta ,xx}\Vert }_H^2\right)\\ \le \left|b\right|m_3\left({\lambda }_1^2{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_V^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2\right)\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{c}\left(1-2b\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)g_{\theta ,xx}^2\text{d}x}\le \left|1-2b\right|{\Vert u_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)\Vert }_{L^{\infty }}{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2\\ \le \left|1-2b\right|m_3{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2\end{array}$

and

$\begin{array}{c}-2{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }\left(Bw\right)g_{\theta ,xx}\text{d}x}\le 2{\Vert Bw\Vert }_H{\Vert g_{\theta ,xx}\Vert }_H\le {\Vert Bw\Vert }_H^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2\\ \le {\lambda }_1^2{\Vert Bw\Vert }_V^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2,\end{array}$

where ${\lambda }_1>0$ is an embedding constant and $m_i>0,i=1,3,4$ are some constants.

By the above estimates, we can deduce from Equation (4.11) that

$\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}\left({\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_V^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2\right)\le {\beta }_4\left({\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_V^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2\right)+{\lambda }_1^2{\Vert Bw\Vert }_V^2$ , (4.12)

where

${\beta }_4=\max \left\{\frac{\left|2b-2\right|m_1}{2}+m_4+\left|b\right|m_3{\lambda }_1^2,\frac{\left|2b-2\right|m_1}{2}+m_4+\left|b\right|m_3+\left|1-2b\right|m_3+1\right\}$ .

Applying Gronwall’s lemma to inequality (4.12), which yields

$\begin{array}{l}{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_V^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2\\ \le \exp \left({\beta }_{4}t\right)\left[\left({\Vert g_{\theta }\left(0,x\right)\Vert }_V^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\left(0,x\right)\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2\right)+{\lambda }_1^2{\displaystyle {\int }_0^t{\Vert Bw\Vert }_V^2\exp \left(-{\beta }_{4}s\right)\text{d}s}\right]\\ \triangleq {{\rm Z}}_2,\end{array}$ (4.13)

where $\forall t\in \left[0,T\right]$ .

Similarly, multiplying both sides of the first equation in Equation (4.7) by $2g_{\theta ,xxxx}$ and integrating it over $\Omega$ , which gives

$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}\left({\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^3\left(\Omega \right)}^2\right)\\ =\left(2-2b\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{g}_{\theta ,x}{g}_{\theta ,xxxx}{y}_{\theta }\text{d}x}+2{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{g}_{\theta }{g}_{\theta ,xxxxx}{y}_{\theta }\text{d}x}\\ -\left(2b+3\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)g_{\theta ,xx}^2\text{d}x}-\left(2b+1\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)g_{\theta ,xxx}^2\text{d}x}\\ -\left(2b+2\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_{xx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)g_{\theta ,x}{g}_{\theta ,xx}\text{d}x}+2b{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_{xx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)g_{\theta }{g}_{\theta ,xxx}\text{d}x}\\ -2b{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_{xx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)g_{\theta ,xx}{g}_{\theta ,xxx}\text{d}x}+2{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }\left(Bw\right)g_{\theta ,xxxx}\text{d}x}.\end{array}$ (4.14)

We can also estimate each item of the right hand of Equation (4.14) as follows:

$\left(2-2b\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{g}_{\theta ,x}{g}_{\theta ,xxxx}{y}_{\theta }\text{d}x}\le \left|2-2b\right|{\Vert y_{\theta }\Vert }_{L^{\infty }}\left|{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{g}_{\theta ,x}{g}_{\theta ,xxxx}\text{d}x}\right|=0$ ;

$2{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{g}_{\theta }{g}_{\theta ,xxxxx}{y}_{\theta }\text{d}x}\le {\Vert y_{\theta }\Vert }_{L^{\infty }}\left|{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }2g_{\theta }{g}_{\theta ,xxxxx}\text{d}x}\right|=0$ ;

$\begin{array}{c}-\left(2b+3\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)g_{\theta ,xx}^2\text{d}x}\le \left|2b+3\right|{\Vert u_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)\Vert }_{L^{\infty }}{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }\left|g_{\theta ,xx}^2\right|\text{d}x}\\ \le \left|2b+3\right|m_3{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2;\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{c}-\left(2b+1\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)g_{\theta ,xxx}^2\text{d}x}\le \left|2b+1\right|{\Vert u_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)\Vert }_{L^{\infty }}{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }\left|g_{\theta ,xxx}^2\right|\text{d}x}\\ \le \left|2b+1\right|m_3{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^3\left(\Omega \right)}^2;\end{array}$

$-\left(2b+2\right){\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_{xx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)g_{\theta ,x}{g}_{\theta ,xx}\text{d}x}\le \frac{\left|2b+2\right|m_2}{2}\left({\lambda }_4^2{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2\right)$ ;

$2b{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_{xx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)g_{\theta }{g}_{\theta ,xxx}\text{d}x}\le \left|b\right|m_2\left({\lambda }_5^2{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^3\left(\Omega \right)}^2\right)$ ;

$-2b{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_{xx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)g_{\theta ,xx}{g}_{\theta ,xxx}\text{d}x}\le \left|b\right|m_2\left({\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^3\left(\Omega \right)}^2\right)$

and

$2{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }\left(Bw\right)g_{\theta ,xxxx}\text{d}x}\le 2{\Vert {\left(Bw\right)}_x\Vert }_H{\Vert g_{\theta ,xxx}\Vert }_H\le {\Vert Bw\Vert }_V^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^3\left(\Omega \right)}^2$ ,

where $m_i>0,i=2,3$ are some constants and ${\lambda }_i>0,i=4,5$ are some embedding constants.

Combining a series of complex estimates above and Equation (4.14), we can obtain that

$\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}\left({\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^3\left(\Omega \right)}^2\right)\le {\beta }_5\left({\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^3\left(\Omega \right)}^2\right)+{\Vert Bw\Vert }_V^2$ , (4.15)

where

${\beta }_5=\max \left\{\left[\frac{\left|2b+2\right|\left({\lambda }_4^2+1\right)}{2}+\left|b\right|+\left|b\right|{\lambda }_5^2\right]m_2+\left|2b+3\right|m_3,2\left|b\right|m_2+\left|2b+1\right|m_3+1\right\}$ .

By applying the Gronwall’s lemma to inequality (4.15), we can get

$\begin{array}{l}{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^3\left(\Omega \right)}^2\\ \le \exp \left({\beta }_{5}t\right)\left[\left({\Vert g_{\theta }\left(0,x\right)\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\left(0,x\right)\Vert }_{H^3\left(\Omega \right)}^2\right)+{\displaystyle {\int }_0^t{\Vert Bw\Vert }_V^2\exp \left(-{\beta }_{5}s\right)\text{d}s}\right]\\ \triangleq {{\rm Z}}_3,\end{array}$ (4.16)

where $\forall t\in \left[0,T\right]$ .

Combining estimate inequality (4.13) and (4.16), we can deduce that

${\Vert {\mathcal{G}}_{\theta }\Vert }_V^2={\Vert g_{\theta ,x}-g_{\theta ,xxx}\Vert }_H^2={\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_V^2+2{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^3\left(\Omega \right)}^2\le {{\rm Z}}_2+{{\rm Z}}_3$ . (4.17)

Similarly, combining estimate inequality (4.10) and (4.13), we can obtain that

${\Vert {\mathcal{G}}_{\theta }\Vert }_H^2={\Vert g_{\theta }-g_{\theta ,xx}\Vert }_H^2={\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_H^2+2{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_V^2+{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}^2\le {{\rm Z}}_1+{{\rm Z}}_2$ . (4.18)

From inequality (4.17), we derive that

${\Vert {\mathcal{G}}_{\theta }\Vert }_{L^2\left(0,T;V\right)}^2\le \left({{\rm Z}}_2+{{\rm Z}}_3\right)T$ , (4.19)

which indicates a uniformly $L^2\left(0,T;V\right)$ bounded of ${\mathcal{G}}_{\theta }$ .

Afterward, we will prove a uniformly $L^2\left(0,T;V^{\ast }\right)$ bounded of ${\mathcal{G}}_{\theta ,t}$ .

From the first equation in Equation (4.7) and the Sobolev embedding theorem, we have

$\begin{array}{c}{\Vert {\mathcal{G}}_{\theta ,t}\Vert }_{V^{\ast }}\le {\Vert Bw\Vert }_{V^{\ast }}+c_0{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_H+{\lambda }_2\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert {}_V\Vert y_{\theta }\Vert {}_H+{\Vert u\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)\Vert }_{L^{\infty }}{\Vert {\mathcal{G}}_{\theta }\Vert }_H\\ +\left|b\right|{\Vert y_{\theta }\Vert }_{L^{\infty }}\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert {}_H+\left|b\right|{\lambda }_2\Vert {\mathcal{G}}_{\theta }\Vert {}_V\Vert u\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)\Vert {}_H+\left|\Gamma \right|{\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{H^2\left(\Omega \right)}\\ \le {\lambda }_3{\Vert Bw\Vert }_V+c_0{{\rm Z}}_1^{\frac{1}{2}}+{\lambda }_2{m}_5{{\rm Z}}_1^{\frac{1}{2}}+m_4{\left({{\rm Z}}_1+{{\rm Z}}_2\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}\\ +\left|b\right|m_1{{\rm Z}}_1^{\frac{1}{2}}+\left|b\right|{\lambda }_2{m}_6{\left({{\rm Z}}_2+{{\rm Z}}_3\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}+\left|\Gamma \right|{{\rm Z}}_2^{\frac{1}{2}},\end{array}$ (4.20)

where ${\lambda }_i>0,i=2,3$ are some embedding constants and $m_i>0,i=1,4,5,6$ are some constants.

Analogously, from inequality (4.20), we can get

$\begin{array}{c}{\Vert {\mathcal{G}}_{\theta ,t}\Vert }_{L^2\left(0,T;V^{\ast }\right)}^2\le [{\lambda }_3{\Vert Bw\Vert }_V+c_0{{\rm Z}}_1^{\frac{1}{2}}+{\lambda }_2{m}_5{{\rm Z}}_1^{\frac{1}{2}}+m_4{\left({{\rm Z}}_1+{{\rm Z}}_2\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}+\left|b\right|m_1{{\rm Z}}_1^{\frac{1}{2}}\\ +{\left|b\right|{\lambda }_2{m}_6{\left({{\rm Z}}_2+{{\rm Z}}_3\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}+\left|\Gamma \right|{{\rm Z}}_2^{\frac{1}{2}}]}^{2}T.\end{array}$ (4.21)

Combining inequality (4.19) and (4.21), we can establish the boundedness of ${\mathcal{G}}_{\theta }$ in $\mathcal{W}\left(0,T\right)$ . Hence, from Lemma 2.1, we can deduce that

${\Vert g_{\theta }\Vert }_{\mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right)}\le C{\Vert {\mathcal{G}}_{\theta }\Vert }_{\mathcal{W}\left(0,T\right)}<+\infty$ .

From now on, we can infer that there exists a $g\in \mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right)$ and a sequence $\left\{{\theta }_k\right\}\subset \left(-1,1\right)$ tending to 0 such that

$g_{{\theta }_k}\stackrel{\text{weakly}}{\to }g$ in $\mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right)$ , as $k\to \infty$ . (4.22)

Because the imbedding $\mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right)$ into $L^2\left(0,T;H^2\left(\Omega \right)\right)$ is compact, then it can deduce from (4.22) that

$g_{{\theta }_k}\stackrel{\text{strongly}}{\to }g$ in $H^2\left(\Omega \right)$ a.e. $t\in \left[0,T\right]$ , (4.23)

for some $\left\{{\theta }_k\right\}\subset \left(-1,1\right)$ tending to 0 as $k\to \infty$ . Whence by (4.22) - (4.23), Theorem 2.1 and the Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem, we can easily obtain that

$g_{{\theta }_k}{y}_{{\theta }_k,x}\stackrel{\text{weakly}}{\to }g{y}_x$ in $L^2\left(0,T;H\right)$ ; (4.24)

$g_{{\theta }_k,x}{y}_{{\theta }_k}\stackrel{\text{strongly}}{\to }{g}_{x}y$ in $L^2\left(0,T;H\right)$ ; (4.25)

${\mathcal{G}}_{{\theta }_k}\stackrel{\text{weakly}}{\to }\mathcal{G}$ in $L^2\left(0,T;V\right)$ ; (4.26)

$g_{{\theta }_k,xxx}\stackrel{\text{weakly}}{\to }{g}_{xxx}$ in $L^2\left(0,T;H\right)$ ; (4.27)

as $k\to \infty$ , where $\mathcal{G}=g-g_{xx}$ . And also we can derive from Equation (4.7) and inequality (4.21) that

${\mathcal{G}}_{{\theta }_k,t}\stackrel{\text{weakly}}{\to }{\mathcal{G}}_t$ in $L^2\left(0,T;V^{\ast }\right)$ , as $k\to \infty$ . (4.28)

Therefore, we can infer from (4.24) to (4.28) that

in $\mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right)$ as $\theta \to 0$ in which g is a solution of Equation (4.6).

Consequently, the solution mapping $v\to u\left(v;t,x\right)$ of ${\mathcal{U}}_{ad}$ into $\mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right)$ is differentiable in the weak topology of $\mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right)$ . This completes the proof.

The conclusion of Theorem 4.1 means that the cost $I\left(v\right)$ is derivative at $v^{\ast }$ in the direction $v-v^{\ast }$ . So, we can get that

$\begin{array}{l}{I}^{\prime }\left(v^{\ast }\right)\left(v-v^{\ast }\right)\\ =\underset{\theta \to 0}{\lim }\frac{I\left(v^{\ast }+\theta \left(v-v^{\ast }\right)\right)-I\left(v^{\ast }\right)}{\theta }\\ =\underset{\theta \to 0}{\lim }{\theta }^{-1}[{\left(Cu\left(v^{\ast }+\theta \left(v-v^{\ast }\right)\right)-z_d,Cu\left(v^{\ast }+\theta \left(v-v^{\ast }\right)\right)-z_d\right)}_{{}_{\mathcal{M}}}\\ -{\left(Cu\left(v^{\ast }\right)-z_d,Cu\left(v^{\ast }\right)-z_d\right)}_{{}_{\mathcal{M}}}]\\ +\underset{\theta \to 0}{\lim }{\theta }^{-1}\left[{\left(N\left(v^{\ast }+\theta \left(v-v^{\ast }\right)\right),v^{\ast }+\theta \left(v-v^{\ast }\right)\right)}_{\mathcal{U}}-{\left(N{v}^{\ast },v^{\ast }\right)}_{\mathcal{U}}\right]\\ =2{\left(Cu\left(v^{\ast }\right)-z_d,C{u}^{\prime }\left(v^{\ast }\right)\left(v-v^{\ast }\right)\right)}_{{}_{\mathcal{M}}}+2{\left(N{v}^{\ast },v-v^{\ast }\right)}_{\mathcal{U}}\end{array}$

Then the sufficient and necessary optimality condition (4.1) can be rewritten as

$\begin{array}{l}{\left(Cu\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)-z_d,C{u}^{\prime }\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)\left(v-v^{\ast }\right)\right)}_{{}_{\mathcal{M}}}+{\left(N{v}^{\ast },v-v^{\ast }\right)}_{\mathcal{U}}\\ ={\langle C^{\ast }{\Lambda }_{\mathcal{M}}\left(Cu\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)-z_d\right),u^{\prime }\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)\left(v-v^{\ast }\right)\rangle }_{\mathcal{S}{\left(0,T\right)}^{\prime },\mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right)}\\ +{\left(N{v}^{\ast },v-v^{\ast }\right)}_{\mathcal{U}}\ge 0,\end{array}$ (4.29)

for, where ${\Lambda }_{\mathcal{M}}$ is the canonical isomorphism $\mathcal{M}$ onto ${\mathcal{M}}^{\prime }$ and $z_d\in \mathcal{M}$ is desired value.

5. The Two Cases of Distributive Observations

In this section, we will characterize the optimal control by giving the sufficient and necessary optimality condition (4.29) for the following two cases of physical meaningful observations:

(I) We set $\mathcal{M}=L^2\left(0,T;H\right)$ and $C\in L\left(\mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right),\mathcal{M}\right)$ , then observe that $z\left(v;t,x\right)=Cu\left(v;t,x\right)=u\left(v;t,x\right)\in L^2\left(0,T;H\right)$ .

(II) We set $\mathcal{M}=L^2\left(0,T;H\right)$ and $C\in L\left(\mathcal{S}\left(0,T\right),\mathcal{M}\right)$ , then observe that $z\left(v;t,x\right)=Cu\left(v;t,x\right)=\left(I-{\partial }_x^2\right)u\left(v;t,x\right)=y\left(v;t,x\right)\in L^2\left(0,T;H\right)$ .

Firstly, we discuss the cost functional expressed by

(5.1)

where $z_d\left(t,x\right)\in \mathcal{M}$ is a desired value. Let $v^{\ast }$ be the optimal control subject to Equation (3.1) and cost functional (5.1). Then the sufficient and necessary optimality condition (4.29) can be represented by

(5.2)

where $g=u^{\prime }\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)\left(v-v^{\ast }\right)$ is the weak solution of Equation (4.6). Now we will introduce the adjoint system to describe the optimality condition (5.2):

$\{\begin{array}{l}-{\Psi }_t\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)-c_0{\psi }_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)-u\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right){\Psi }_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)\\ +\left(3-2b\right)u_{xx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right){\psi }_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)+\left(3-b\right)u_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right){\psi }_{xx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)\\ -by\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right){\psi }_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)-\Gamma {\psi }_{xxx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)=u\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)-z_d\left(t,x\right),\\ \psi \left(v^{\ast };t,x+L\right)=\psi \left(v^{\ast };t,x\right),\forall x\in R,\forall t\in \left[0,T\right],\\ \Psi \left(v^{\ast };T,x\right)=0,\end{array}$ (5.3)

where

$\Psi \left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)=\psi \left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)-{\psi }_{xx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)$

and

$y\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)=u\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)-u_{xx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)$ .

Therefore, we can provide the characterization for the optimal control $v^{\ast }$ of the quadratic cost functional (5.1) as follows:

Theorem 5.1. The optimal control $v^{\ast }$ of the quadratic cost functional (5.1) is characterized by the following control system, adjoint system and inequality:

$\{\begin{array}{l}{y}_t\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)+c_0{u}_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)+u\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)y_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)\\ +b{u}_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)y\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)+\Gamma u_{xxx}(v^{\ast };t,x)=B{v}^{\ast },\\ u\left(v^{\ast };t,x+L\right)=u\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right),\forall x\in R,\forall t\in \left[0,T\right],\\ y\left(v^{\ast };0,x\right)=y_0\left(x\right)\in V,\end{array}$

$\{\begin{array}{l}-{\Psi }_t\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)-c_0{\psi }_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)-u\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right){\Psi }_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)\\ +\left(3-2b\right)u_{xx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right){\psi }_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)+\left(3-b\right)u_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right){\psi }_{xx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)\\ -by\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right){\psi }_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)-\Gamma {\psi }_{xxx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)=u\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)-z_d\left(t,x\right),\\ \psi \left(v^{\ast };t,x+L\right)=\psi \left(v^{\ast };t,x\right),\forall x\in R,\forall t\in \left[0,T\right],\\ \Psi \left(v^{\ast };T,x\right)=0,\end{array}$

where

$y\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)=u\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)-u_{xx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)$

and

$\Psi \left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)=\psi \left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)-{\psi }_{xx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)$ .

Proof. Taking inner product of the first equation in Equation (5.3) by g over $\Omega$ , then integrating the result equation with respect to t on $\left[0,T\right]$ , we get

$\begin{array}{l}{\displaystyle {\int }_0^T{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }-{\Psi }_{t}g\text{d}x\text{d}t}}-c_0{\displaystyle {\int }_0^T{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{\psi }_{x}g\text{d}x\text{d}t}}-{\displaystyle {\int }_0^T{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }u{\Psi }_{x}g\text{d}x\text{d}t}}\\ +\left(3-2b\right){\displaystyle {\int }_0^T{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_{xx}{\psi }_{x}g\text{d}x\text{d}t}}+\left(3-b\right){\displaystyle {\int }_0^T{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{u}_x{\psi }_{xx}g\text{d}x\text{d}t}}\\ -b{\displaystyle {\int }_0^T{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }y{\psi }_{x}g\text{d}x\text{d}t}}-\Gamma {\displaystyle {\int }_0^T{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }{\psi }_{xxxx}g\text{d}x\text{d}t}}\\ ={\displaystyle {\int }_0^T{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }\left(u-z_d\right)g\text{d}x\text{d}t}}.\end{array}$ (5.4)

Combining Equation (4.6) and Equation (5.3) and taking integration by parts, the left hand side of Equation (5.4) yields

$\begin{array}{l}{\displaystyle {\int }_0^T{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }\psi \left({\mathcal{G}}_t+c_0{g}_x+g{y}_x+u{\mathcal{G}}_x+b{g}_{x}y+b{u}_x\mathcal{G}+\Gamma g_{xxx}\right)\text{d}x\text{d}t}}\\ ={\displaystyle {\int }_0^T{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }\psi B\left(v-v^{\ast }\right)\text{d}x\text{d}t}},\end{array}$ (5.5)

where $\mathcal{G}=g-g_{xx}$ . Therefore, utilizing Equation (5.4) and Equation (5.5), the sufficient and necessary optimality condition (5.2) is equivalent to

Hence, the theorem is proved.

Secondly, we discuss the cost functional expressed by

(5.6)

where $z_d\left(t,x\right)\in \mathcal{M}$ is a desired value. Let $v^{\ast }$ be the optimal control subject to Equation (3.1) and cost functional (5.6). Then the sufficient and necessary optimality condition (4.29) is represented by

(5.7)

where $\mathcal{G}=g-g_{xx}$ and $g=u^{\prime }\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)w$ is the weak solution of Equation (4.6). Similarly, we formulate the adjoint system to describe the optimality condition (5.7):

$\{\begin{array}{l}-{\Psi }_t\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)-c_0{\psi }_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)-u\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right){\Psi }_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)\\ +\left(3-2b\right)u_{xx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right){\psi }_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)+\left(3-b\right)u_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right){\psi }_{xx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)\\ -by\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right){\psi }_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)-\Gamma {\psi }_{xxx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)\\ =\left(I-{\partial }_x^2\right)\left(y\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)-z_d\left(t,x\right)\right),\\ \psi \left(v^{\ast };t,x+L\right)=\psi \left(v^{\ast };t,x\right),\forall x\in R,\forall t\in \left[0,T\right],\\ \Psi \left(v^{\ast };T,x\right)=0,\end{array}$ (5.8)

where

$y\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)=u\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)-u_{xx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)$

and

$\Psi \left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)=\psi \left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)-{\psi }_{xx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)$ .

Hence, we can give the following theorem.

Theorem 5.2. The optimal control $v^{\ast }$ of the quadratic cost functional (5.7) is characterized by the following control system, adjoint system and inequality:

$\{\begin{array}{l}{y}_t\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)+c_0{u}_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)+u\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)y_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)\\ +b{u}_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)y\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)+\Gamma u_{xxx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)=B{v}^{\ast },\\ u\left(v^{\ast };t,x+L\right)=u\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right),\forall x\in R,\forall t\in \left[0,T\right],\\ y\left(v^{\ast };0,x\right)=y_0\left(x\right)\in V,\end{array}$

$\{\begin{array}{l}-{\Psi }_t\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)-c_0{\psi }_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)-u\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right){\Psi }_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)\\ +\left(3-2b\right)u_{xx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right){\psi }_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)+\left(3-b\right)u_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right){\psi }_{xx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)\\ -by\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right){\psi }_x\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)-\Gamma {\psi }_{xxx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)=\left(I-{\partial }_x^2\right)\left(y\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)-z_d\left(t,x\right)\right),\\ \psi \left(v^{\ast };t,x+L\right)=\psi \left(v^{\ast };t,x\right),\forall x\in R,\forall t\in \left[0,T\right],\\ \Psi \left(v^{\ast };T,x\right)=0,\end{array}$

where

$y\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)=u\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)-u_{xx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)$

and

$\Psi \left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)=\psi \left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)-{\psi }_{xx}\left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)$ .

Proof. As we did before, we multiply both sides of the first equation of Equation (5.8) by g and integrate it over $\left[0,T\right]\times \Omega$ . Then we have

$\begin{array}{l}{\displaystyle {\int }_0^T{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }\left[-{\Psi }_t-c_0{\psi }_x-u{\Psi }_x+\left(3-2b\right)u_{xx}{\psi }_x+\left(3-b\right)u_x{\psi }_{xx}-by{\psi }_x-\Gamma {\psi }_{xxx}\right]g\text{d}x\text{d}t}}\\ ={\displaystyle {\int }_0^T{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }\left[\left(I-{\partial }_x^2\right)\left(y-z_d\right)\right]g\text{d}x\text{d}t}}\\ ={\displaystyle {\int }_0^T{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }\left(y-z_d\right)\mathcal{G}\text{d}x\text{d}t}},\end{array}$ (5.9)

where $\mathcal{G}=g-g_{xx}$ .

Utilizing Equation (4.6), the integration by parts on the left hand side of Equation (5.9) yields

$\begin{array}{l}{\displaystyle {\int }_0^T{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }\psi \left({\mathcal{G}}_t+c_0{g}_x+g{y}_x+u{\mathcal{G}}_x+b{g}_{x}y+b{u}_x\mathcal{G}+\Gamma g_{xxx}\right)\text{d}x\text{d}t}}\\ ={\displaystyle {\int }_0^T{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }\psi B\left(v-v^{\ast }\right)\text{d}x\text{d}t}},\end{array}$ (5.10)

where $\mathcal{G}=g-g_{xx}$ . Therefore, combining Equation (5.9) and Equation (5.10), the sufficient and necessary optimality condition (5.7) is equivalent to

${\displaystyle {\int }_0^T{\displaystyle {\int }_{\Omega }\psi \left(v^{\ast };t,x\right)B\left(v-v^{\ast }\right)\text{d}x\text{d}t}}+{\left(N{v}^{\ast },v-v^{\ast }\right)}_{\mathcal{U}}\ge 0$ , ,

which completes the proof.

6. Conclusions

b-equation is an important shallow water wave equation which has many practical meanings. In this paper, we aim at pursuing an in-depth study of the optimal control issue of the classical b-equation. So, we investigate firstly the local existence and uniqueness of solution to the initial-boundary problem of the b-equation with source term, and then discuss the formulation of the quadratic cost optimal control problem for the b-equation, obtain the existence and uniqueness of an optimal control, establish the sufficient and necessary optimality condition of an optimal control in fixed final horizon case. Moreover, we give the specific sufficient and necessary optimality condition for two physical meaningful distributive observation cases by employing associate adjoint systems. Compared with other papers in similar directions, the weak solution analysis of b-equation without relying on viscous item is one technical innovation, and the sufficient and necessary optimality condition of an optimal control which is not limited to the necessary condition is another novelty. However, much work remains to be done in this direction. For example, it is an optimal control problem of the distributed parameter system governed by the nonlinear partial differential equation, to obtain the numerical solutions for the optimal control-trajectory pair is not an easy job due to the tremendous calculation and possible model difficulties. We try to finish this non-trivial work in the follow-up research by optimizing numerical algorithm and carrying out numerical simulation, which can provide a basis for application in the engineering field.

Acknowledgements

Research was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No: 11371175, 11501253, 11571140).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Escher, J. and Yin, Z. (2008) Well-Posedness, Blow-Up Phenomena, and Global Solutions for the b-Equation. Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, 624, 51-80. https://doi.org/10.1515/CRELLE.2008.080
[2]	Dullin, H.R., Gottwald, G.A. and Holm, D.D. (2003) Camassa-Holm, Korteweg-de Vries-5 and Other Asymptotically Equivalent Equations for Shallow Water Waves. Fluid Dynamics Research, 33, 73-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5983(03)00046-7
[3]	Dullin, H.R., Gottwald, G.A. and Holm, D.D. (2004) On Asymptotically Equivalent Shallow Water Wave Equations. Journal of Physics D, 190, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physd.2003.11.004
[4]	Holm, D.D. and Staley, M.F. (2003) Wave Structure and Nonlinear Balances in a Family of Evolutionary PDEs. SIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems, 2, 323-380. https://doi.org/10.1137/S1111111102410943
[5]	Holm, D.D. and Staley, M.F. (2003) Nonlinear Balance and Exchange of Stability in Dynamics of Solitons, Peakons, Ramps/Cliffs and Leftons in a 1-1 Nonlinear Evolutionary PDE. Physics Letters A, 308, 437-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-9601(03)00114-2
[6]	Mikhailov, A.V. and Novikov, V.S. (2002) Perturbative Symmetry Approach. Journal of Physics A, 35, 4775-4790. https://doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/35/22/309
[7]	Degasperis, A., Holm, D.D. and Hone, A.N.W. (2003) Integrable and Non-Integrable Equations with Peakons. In: Ablowitz, M.J., Boiti, M., Pempinelli, F. and Prinari, B., Eds., Nonlinear Physics: Theory and Experiment II, World Scientific Publication, River Edge, NJ, 37-43. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812704467_0005
[8]	Degasperis, A. and Procesi, M. (1999) Asymptotic Integrability. In: Degasperis, A. and Gaeta, G., Eds., Symmetry and Perturbation Theory, World Scientific Publication, River Edge, NJ, 23-37.
[9]	Constantin, A. (2006) The Trajectories of Particles in Stokes Waves. Inventiones Mathematicae, 166, 523-535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00222-006-0002-5
[10]	Toland, J.F. (1996) Stokes Waves. Topological Methods in Nonlinear Analysis, 7, 1-48. https://doi.org/10.12775/TMNA.1996.001
[11]	Constantin, A. and Escher, J. (2007) Particle Trajectories in Solitary Water Waves. Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 44, 423-431. https://doi.org/10.1090/S0273-0979-07-01159-7
[12]	Dullin, H.R., Gottwald, G.A. and Holm, D.D. (2001) An Integrable Shallow Water Equation with Linear and Nonlinear Dispersion. Physical Review Letters, 87, 4501-4504. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.194501
[13]	Mckean, H.P. (1979) Integrable Systems and Algebraic Curves. In: Grmela, M. and Marsden, J.E., Eds., Global Analysis, Lecture Notes in Mathematics Vol. 755, Springer, Berlin, 83-200. https://doi.org/10.1007/bfb0069806
[14]	Bona, J.L. and Scott, R. (1976) Solutions of the Korteweg-de Vries Equation in Fractional Order Sobolev Spaces. Duke Mathematical Journal, 43, 87-99. https://doi.org/10.1215/S0012-7094-76-04309-X
[15]	Kenig, C., Ponce, G. and Vega, L. (1993) Well-Posedness and Scattering Results for the Generalized Korteweg-de Vries Equation via the Contraction Principle. Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, 46, 527-620. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpa.3160460405
[16]	Tao, T. (2002) Low-Regularity Global Solutions to Nonlinear Dispersive Equations. In: Hassell, A., Ed., Surveys in Analysis and Operator Theory, Centre for Mathematics and Its Applications, Mathematical Sciences Institute, The Australian National University, Canberra, 19-48.
[17]	Whitham, G.B. (1974) Linear and Nonlinear Waves. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
[18]	Camassa, R. and Holm, D.D. (1993) An Integrable Shallow Water Equation with Peaked Solitons. Physical Review Letters, 71, 1661-1664. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.1661
[19]	Fuchssteiner, B. and Fokas, A.S. (1981) Symplectic Structures, Their Bäcklund Transformation and Hereditary Symmetries. Journal of Physics D, 4, 47-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2789(81)90004-X
[20]	Johnson, R.S. (2002) Camassa-Holm, Korteweg-de Vries and Related Models for Water Waves. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 455, 63-82. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112001007224
[21]	Constantin, A. and Kolev, B. (2003) Geodesic Flow on the Diffeomorphism Group of the Circle. Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici, 78, 787-804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00014-003-0785-6
[22]	Constantin, A. and Lannes, D. (2009) The Hydrodynamical Relevance of the Camassa-Holm and Degasperis-Procesi Equations. Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, 192, 165-186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00205-008-0128-2
[23]	Constantin, A. and Kolev, B. (2002) On the Geometric Approach to the Motion of Inertial Mechanical Systems. Journal of Physics A, 35, R51-R79. https://doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/35/32/201
[24]	Constantin, A. (1998) On the Inverse Spectral Problem for the Camassa-Holm Equation. Journal of Functional Analysis, 155, 352-363. https://doi.org/10.1006/jfan.1997.3231
[25]	Constantin, A. and McKean, H.P. (1999) A Shallow Water Equation on the Circle. Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, 52, 949-982. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0312(199908)52:8<949::AID-CPA3>3.0.CO;2-D
[26]	Constantin, A. (2001) On the Scattering Problem for the Camassa-Holm Equation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A, 457, 953-970. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2000.0701
[27]	Constantin, A., Gerdjikov, V.S. and Ivanov, R.I. (2006) Inverse Scattering Transform for the Camassa-Holm Equation. Inverse Problems, 22, 2197-2207. https://doi.org/10.1088/0266-5611/22/6/017
[28]	Camassa, R., Holm, D.D. and Hyman, J.M. (1994) A New Integrable Shallow Water Equation. Advances in Applied Mechanics, 31, 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2156(08)70254-0
[29]	Constantin, A. and Strauss, W.A. (2000) Stability of Peakons. Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, 53, 603-610. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0312(200005)53:5<603::AID-CPA3>3.0.CO;2-L
[30]	Constantin, A. and Strauss, W.A. (2002) Stability of the Camassa-Holm Solitons. Journal of Nonlinear Science, 12, 415-422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00332-002-0517-x
[31]	Constantin, A. and Escher, J. (1998) Global Existence and Blow-Up for a Shallow Water Equation. Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa - Classe di Scienze, 26, 303-328. http://www.numdam.org/item?id=ASNSP_1998_4_26_2_303_0
[32]	Danchin, R. (2001) A Few Remarks on the Camassa-Holm Equation. Differential and Integral Equations, 14, 953-988. http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.die/1356123175
[33]	Li, Y.A. and Olver, P.J. (2000) Well-Posedness and Blow-Up Solutions for an Integrable Nonlinearly Dispersive Model Wave Equation. Journal of Differential Equations, 162, 27-63. https://doi.org/10.1006/jdeq.1999.3683
[34]	Constantin, A. and Escher, J. (1998) Well-Posedness, Global Existence, and Blowup Phenomena for a Periodic Quasilinear Hyperbolic Equation. Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, 51, 475-504. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0312(199805)51:5<475::AID-CPA2>3.0.CO;2-5
[35]	Molinet, L. (2004) On Well-Posedness Results for Camassa-Holm Equation on the Line: A Survey. Journal of Nonlinear Mathematical Physics, 11, 521-533. https://doi.org/10.2991/jnmp.2004.11.4.8
[36]	Bressan, A. and Constantin, A. (2007) Global Conservative Solutions of the Camassa-Holm Equation. Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, 183, 215-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00205-006-0010-z
[37]	Constantin, A. (2000) Existence of Permanent and Breaking Waves for a Shallow Water Equation: A Geometric Approach. Annales de l'Institut Fourier (Grenoble), 50, 321-362. https://doi.org/10.5802/aif.1757
[38]	McKean, H.P. (1998) Breakdown of a Shallow Water Equation. Asian Journal of Mathematics, 2, 867-874. https://doi.org/10.4310/AJM.1998.v2.n4.a10
[39]	Xin, Z. and Zhang, P. (2000) On the Weak Solutions to a Shallow Water Equation. Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, 53, 1411-1433. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0312(200011)53:11<1411::AID-CPA4>3.0.CO;2-5
[40]	Constantin, A. and Molinet, L. (2000) Global Weak Solutions for a Shallow Water Equation. Communications in Mathematical Physics, 211, 45-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002200050801
[41]	Holden, H. and Raynaud, X. (2007) Global Conservative Multipeakon Solutions of the Camassa-Holm Equation. Journal of Hyperbolic Differential Equations, 4, 39-63. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219891607001045
[42]	Holden, H. and Raynaud, X. (2007) Global Conservative Solutions of the Camassa-Holm Equation—A Lagrangian Point of View. Communications in Partial Differential Equations, 32, 1511-1549. https://doi.org/10.1080/03605300601088674
[43]	Bressan, A. and Constantin, A. (2007) Global Dissipative Solutions of the Camassa-Holm Equation. Analysis and Applications, 5, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219530507000857
[44]	Holden, H. and Raynaud, X. (2008) Global Dissipative Multipeakon Solutions of the Camassa-Holm Equation. Communications in Partial Differential Equations, 33, 2040-2063. https://doi.org/10.1080/03605300802501715
[45]	Himonas, A., Misiolek, G., Ponce, G. and Zhou, Y. (2007) Persistence Properties and Unique Continuation of Solutions of the Camassa-Holm Equation. Communications in Mathematical Physics, 271, 511-522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-006-0172-4
[46]	Constantin, A. (2005) Finite Propagation Speed for the Camassa-Holm Equation. Journal of Mathematical Physics, 46, Article ID: 023506, 4 p.
[47]	Degasperis, A., Holm, D.D. and Hone, A.N.W. (2002) A New Integral Equation with Peakon Solutions. Theoretical and Mathematical Physics, 133, 1463-1474. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021186408422
[48]	Lundmark, H. (2007) Formation and Dynamics of Shock Waves in the Degasperis-Procesi Equation. Journal of Nonlinear Science, 17, 169-198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00332-006-0803-3
[49]	Lundmark, H. and Szmigielski, J. (2003) Multi-Peakon Solutions of the Degasperis-Procesi Equation. Inverse Problems, 19, 1241-1245. https://doi.org/10.1088/0266-5611/19/6/001
[50]	Lenells, J. (2005) Traveling Wave Solutions of the Degasperis-Procesi Equation. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 306, 72-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmaa.2004.11.038
[51]	Yin, Z. (2003) Global Existence for a New Periodic Integrable Equation. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 283, 129-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-247X(03)00250-6
[52]	Yin, Z. (2003) On the Cauchy Problem for an Integrable Equation with Peakon Solutions. Illinois Journal of Mathematics, 47, 649-666. http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.ijm/1258138186
[53]	Escher, J., Liu, Y. and Yin, Z. (2006) Global Weak Solutions and Blow-Up Structure for the Degasperis-Procesi Equation. Journal of Functional Analysis, 241, 457-485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfa.2006.03.022
[54]	Liu, Y. and Yin, Z. (2006) Global Existence and Blow-Up Phenomena for the Degasperis-Procesi Equation. Communications in Mathematical Physics, 267, 801-820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-006-0082-5
[55]	Yin, Z. (2004) Global Solutions to a New Integrable Equation with Peakons. Indiana University Mathematics Journal, 53, 1189-1210. https://doi.org/10.1512/iumj.2004.53.2479
[56]	Escher, J., Liu, Y. and Yin, Z. (2007) Shock Waves and Blow-Up Phenomena for the Periodic Degasperis-Procesi Equation. Indiana University Mathematics Journal, 56, 87-117. https://doi.org/10.1512/iumj.2007.56.3040
[57]	Escher, J. (2007) Wave Breaking and Shock Waves for a Periodic Shallow Water Equation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Series A, 365, 2281-2289. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2008
[58]	Yin, Z. (2004) Global Weak Solutions to a New Periodic Integrable Equation with Peakon Solutions. Journal of Functional Analysis, 212, 182-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfa.2003.07.010
[59]	Henry, D. (2005) Infinite Propagation Speed for the Degasperis-Procesi Equation. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 311, 755-759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmaa.2005.03.001
[60]	Mustafa, O.G. (2005) A Note on the Degasperis-Procesi Equation. Journal of Nonlinear Mathematical Physics, 12, 10-14. https://doi.org/10.2991/jnmp.2005.12.1.2
[61]	Coclite, G.M. and Karlsen, K.H. (2006) On the Well-Posedness of the Degasperisprocesi Equation. Journal of Functional Analysis, 233, 60-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfa.2005.07.008
[62]	Zhang, S. and Yin, Z. (2010) Global Solutions and Blow-Up Phenomena for the Periodic b-Equation. Journal of the London Mathematical Society, 82, 482-500. https://doi.org/10.1112/jlms/jdq044
[63]	Kodzha, M. (2012) On the Blow-Up of Solutions for the b-Equation. Acta Mathematica Universitatis Comenianae, 1, 117-126. http://www.iam.fmph.uniba.sk/amuc/_vol-81/_no_1/_kodzha/kodzha.pdf
[64]	Niu, W.S. and Zhang, S.H. (2011) Blow-Up Phenomena and Global Existence for the Non-Uniform Weakly Dissipative b-Equation. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 374, 166-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmaa.2010.08.002
[65]	Gui, G., Liu, Y. and Tian, L. (2008) Global Existence and Blow-Up Phenomena for the Peakon b-Family of Equations. Indiana University Mathematics Journal, 57, 1209-1234. https://doi.org/10.1512/iumj.2008.57.3213
[66]	Zhou, Y. (2010) On Solutions to the Holm-Staley b-Family of Equations. Nonlinearity, 23, 369-381. https://doi.org/10.1088/0951-7715/23/2/008
[67]	Christov, O. and Hakkaev, S. (2009) On the Cauchy Problem for the Periodic b-Family of Equations and of the Non-Uniform Continuity of Degasperis-Procesi Equation. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 360, 47-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmaa.2009.06.035
[68]	Tang, H., Shi, S. and Liu, Z. (2015) The Dependences on Initial Data for the b-Family Equation in Critical Besov Space. Monatshefte für Mathematik, 177, 471-492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00605-014-0673-8
[69]	Lakshmanan, M. (2007) Integrable Nonlinear Wave Equations and Possible Connections to Tsunami Dynamics. In: Kundu, A., Ed., Tsunami and Nonlinear Waves, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 31-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71256-5_2
[70]	Segur, H. (2008) Integrable Models of Waves in Shallow Water. In: Pinsky, M. and Birnir, B., Eds., Probability, Geometry and Integrable Systems, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 345-371.
[71]	Constantin, A. and Johnson, R.S. (2008) Propagation of Very Long Water Waves with Vorticity, over Variable Depth, with Applications to Tsunamis. Fluid Dynamics Research, 40, 175-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fluiddyn.2007.06.004
[72]	Zhang, B. (1990) Some Results for Nonlinear Dispersive Wave Equations with Applications to Control. Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Wisconsin, Madison.
[73]	Glass, O. (2008) Controllability and Asymptotic Stabilization of the Camassa-Holm Equation. Journal of Differential Equations, 245, 1584-1615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jde.2008.06.016
[74]	Tian, L., Shen, C. and Ding, D. (2009) Optimal Control of the Viscous Camassa-Holm Equation. Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications, 10, 519-530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nonrwa.2007.10.016
[75]	Tian, L. and Shen, C. (2007) Optimal Control of the Viscous Degasperis-Procesi Equation. Journal of Mathematical Physics, 48, Article ID: 113513, 16 p.
[76]	Shen, C., Tian, L. and Gao, A. (2010) Optimal Control of the Viscous Dullin-Gottwald-Holm Equation. Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications, 11, 480-491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nonrwa.2008.11.021
[77]	Sun, B. (2013) An Optimal Distributed Control Problem of the Viscous Generalized Camassa-Holm Equation. Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control, 35, 409-416. https://doi.org/10.1177/0142331212458520
[78]	Sun, B. (2012) Maximum Principle for Optimal Distributed Control of the Viscous Dullin-Gottwald-Holm Equation. Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications, 13, 325-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nonrwa.2011.07.037
[79]	Shen, C. and Gao, A. (2015) Optimal Distributed Control of the Fornberg-Whitham Equation. Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications, 21, 127-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nonrwa.2014.06.005
[80]	Shen, C. (2014) Optimal Control of a Class of Nonlocal Dispersive Equations. Nonlinear Analysis, 108, 99-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.na.2014.04.023
[81]	Hwang, J. (2014) Optimal Control Problem with Necessary Optimality Conditions for the Viscous Dullin-Gottwald-Holm Equation. Abstract and Applied Analysis, 2014, Article ID: 623129, 14 p.
[82]	Lions, J.L. (1971) Optimal Control of Systems Governed by Partial Differential Equations. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg.
[83]	Dautray, R. and Lions, J.L. (2000) Mathematical Analysis and Numerical Methods for Science and Technology, Vol. 5 Evolution Problems I. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg.