Optimizing Row Spacing to Ameliorate the Productivity of Spring Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) ()
Received 3 August 2016; accepted 22 August 2016; published 25 August 2016
1. Introduction
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is regarded as an important cash crop of Pakistan. The crop was cultivated at an area of 1141 thousand hectares with total production of 62.7 million tons during 2014-2015 [1] . Average yield of sugarcane in Pakistan is 56.7 t∙ha−1 [1] , considerably lower than world’s leading sugarcane producing countries like Australia, Brazil, the USA, China and India, having average yield 80.39, 78.85, 77.63, 64.49 and 68.08 t∙ha−1, respectively [2] .
There are many reasons behind reduced cane yield and sucrose contents, such as Pakistan is not situated in tropical area where sugarcane performs best, two-thirds area of sugarcane is located in the north part of country where in winter frost occurs and frost plays destructive role in cane yield [3] . Moreover expensive inputs, poor fertilizer application method, natural calamities [4] , delayed harvesting, insufficient irrigation water, heavy weed infestation [5] , poor management of ratoon and planting geometry are some of the reasons of low yield of sugarcane [6] .
Now the debate comes up with the planting geometry since planting geometry plays important role in water use efficiency, interception of solar radiation and evaporation. Row spacing is considered to be the most important planting geometry parameter in sugarcane. Row spacing ensures more uniform allocation of plants in an area and makes canopy of plant more efficient in intercepting radiant energy [3] . In Pakistan different sowing methods are being used for enhancement in sugarcane yield. Most of the farmers used conventional planting method like 60 to 75 cm apart furrows which are helpful in more plant population per unit area to some extent but it results problems in management operations like interculture, air circulation and light interception which are very important factors for good crop yield [7] .
A new approach for ameliorating sugarcane yield is “trench planting” with double and triple row strips. Trench planting can be attained by placing the setts in trenches at the depth of 30 - 45 cm. Trench planting system has proved more suitable and effective planting system than conventional planting system. Sugarcane planted in trenches with optimum seed rate produced more returns than conventional systems [7] . Nowadays dwindling natural resources especially irrigational water is of key concern. Planting sugarcane in trenches can save irrigation water up to 20% [8] . Furthermore cane planted in 120 cm apart trenches produced 30% more yield than conventional planting [8] . In the light of above discussion this study was formulated to determine the cane quality and yield in different row spacing/planting techniques.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site
The present study was conducted at Agronomic Research Area, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad during spring 2014. Faisalabad is situated on 31.41˚N and 73.07˚E. The altitude of Faisalabad is 184 m above sea level. The soil of the district, Faisalabad, is alluvial plain formed by the rivers: Chenab and Ravi. The area is irrigated by perennial canals. The district has extremes of climate. The summer season starts from April and continues till October while May, June, and July are the hottest months of the year. The mean maximum and minimum temperature in summer are 39˚C and 27˚C, respectively. The winter season starts from November and continues till March. December, January, and February are the coldest months of the year. The mean maximum and minimum temperature during this period are 21˚C and 6˚C, respectively.
2.2. Experimental Material
The Experiment was comprised of four treatments i.e. 180 cm spaced trenches with triple row strips; 180 cm spaced trenches with alternate row strips; 120 cm spaced trenches with double row strips and 60 cm spaced furrow with single row. The field was well prepared before seed bed preparation. Land was levelled with the help of laser land leveller. Trenches were made with ridger. All other agronomic practices were kept normal and uniform for all the treatments. The sugarcane variety HSF-240 was used as experimental material. The cultivar was obtained from Sugarcane Research Institute, Ayub Agricuture Research Institute (AARI), Faisalabad, Pakistan. The seed rate was 75,000 double budded setts ha−1 to sow the crop. The sugarcane was planted on the 21st of March 2014. Fertilizer was applied @ 175 kg∙N, 115 kg∙P2O5, and 115 kg∙K2O∙ha−1 Ghaffar (2011) in the form of Urea, DAP, and SOP, respectively. The whole P, K, and 1/3rd of N were applied as a basal dose at the time of sowing, while remaining N was applied in two splits, 1/3rd at the start of tillering and 1/3rd before earthing up by side dressing. Earthing up of sugarcane was done 90 days after planting. Weeds in the crop were controlled through the application of Ametryn + Atrazine @ 2.5 kg∙ha−1 five days after first irrigation with a knapsack sprayer and also with interculture. Insect pests were kept under the threshold level through chemical control. Chloropyrihos was applied at the rate of 5 L∙ha−1 with first irrigation after sowing for the control the termites. Carbofuran granules at the rate of 35 kg∙ha−1 were applied at earthing up stage to control borers. A total of 16 irrigations were applied to the crop as and when needed. The amount of irrigation water received by the crop of the experiment during the year was also supplemented by rainfall that was 367 mm. Total water received was 1967 mm (Irrigation + Rainfall). The crop was harvested manually after its maturity on 5th of March 2015.
3. Procedures and Formulas for Recording Observations
3.1. Millable Canes
Millable canes refer to the canes that have attained normal height and thickness at their physiological maturity and are ready to harvest for processing. Number of millable canes in each experimental unit was counted at harvest and then converted into number of millable canes per∙m2.
3.2. Cane Length
At harvest length of ten randomly selected stripped canes from each experimental unit was measured (cm) from base to top and then averaged.
3.3. Cane Diameter
Ten canes were randomly selected from each experimental unit and diameter of each cane from the bottom, middle and top was measured with a vernier caliper. The average of these values was taken as cane diameter.
3.4. Stripped Cane Yield
All stripped canes from each experimental unit were weighed and transformed to tons per hectare.
3.5. Brix
Ten randomly selected canes from every plot were crushed through a cane crusher and the juice was collected in glass jars. The reading of brix (%) was recorded with Brix hydrometer. Temperature of the juice was noted. These brix readings were corrected with the help of Schmitz’s table [9] .
3.6. Polarity
With the help of polarimeter, pol reading of extracted juice of every treatment was recorded. Sucrose contents of cane juice were calculated with the help of Schmitz’s table [9] .
3.7. Cane Juice Purity
Cane juice purity was determined as described by [9] .
3.8. Cane Juice Percent
Cane juice (%) for each treatment was determined as follows:
3.9. Commercial Cane Sugar
Commercial cane sugar (CCS %) was calculated by using the method of [9] .
where P = Pol % in juice, B = Brix % in juice, F = Fiber % in juice (12.5%).
3.10. Cane Sugar Recovery Percentage
Cane sugar recovery percent was calculated by following formula:
CSR (%) = CCS (%) × 0.94
where CCS is commercial cane sugar, and 0.94 is net titer (sugar losses).
3.11. Sugar Yield
Sugar yield (t∙ha−1) was determined by the following formula:
3.12. Statistical Analysis
Data recorded on each parameter was tabulated and analyzed statistically by using Fisher’s Analysis of Variance technique. Least significant difference (LSD) test at 5% probability was used to compare the difference amongst treatment means [10] . Computer software program MSTATC was used for this purpose. The computer package MS Excel was used to prepare the graphs.
4. Results and Discussions
4.1. Number of Millable Canes
Millable canes per unit area are the major yield contributing parameter of sugarcane. Millable canes at harvest (Table 1) were not significantly affected by different planting pattern which on the average ranged from 11.12 to 12.80. Our results are similar with those of [7] [11] , they revealed millable canes were not significantly influenced by planting techniques. Regression model is shown in Figure 1.
4.2. Cane Length
Cane length is a major yield contributing factor in sugarcane. Data regarding cane length is presented in Table 1 which revealed that different planting configurations influenced the cane length significantly. Statistically maximum cane length 224 cm was recorded in sugarcane planted at 180 cm spaced trenches with triple row strips. Sugarcane planted at 120 cm spaced trenches with double row strips produced cane length of 212 cm which was statistically at par with 180 cm spaced trenches with alternate row strips 208 cm. Plants with lower cane length 194 cm were produced in 60 cm spaced furrow with single row.
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Table 1. Effect of Effect of planting techniques on millable canes, cane length, cane diameter, stripped cane yield and brix.
NS = Non Significant. Letters A,B,C,D represents significant results. A means highest obtained value while D means lowest obtained value. A, B, C, D follows descending order in terms of values (A > B > C > D).
More cane length in 180 cm spaced trenches might be due to better light penetration into the crop canopy and cross-air circulation because of wider spacing. More cane length at wider row spacing is also ascribed to higher light interception, better utilization of nutrients and water that might be resulted in increased crop growth rate which finally produced longer canes. While less cane length in case of 180 cm spaced trenches with alternate row strips might be due to less utilization of nutrients and water, less space because of dense plant population [12] [13] also reported cane height increases in wider rows compared with narrow row spacing. Regression model is indicated in Figure 2.
4.3. Cane Diameter
Perusal of data regarding cane diameter showed significant variation for cane diameter under different planting configurations (Table 1). Statistically maximum cane diameter 2.5 cm was observed in 180 cm spaced trenches with triple row strips. Sugarcane planted in 120 cm spaced trenches with double row produced cane diameter 2.46 cm which was statistically at par with cane planted in 180 cm spaced trenches with alternate row strips produced cane diameter 2.45 cm. While 60 cm spaced furrow with single row strips produced minimum cane diameter 2.41 cm. Difference in cane diameter is might be ascribed to variable number of canes per square meter. More cane diameter in wider rows might be attributed to better uptake of water and nutrients, more light penetration and cross air circulation. Lower cane girth in 60 cm spaced planting might be due to reduced photosynthesis rate due to less light penetration and less utilization of nutrients. Our results are in agreement with those of [14] [15] who reported thicker canes in wider trench spacings.
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Figure 1. Influence of millable cane on stripped cane yield.
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Figure 2. Influence of cane length on stripped cane yield.
4.4. Stripped Cane Yield (t∙ha−1)
It is cleared from the results that maximum yield 107 t∙ha−1 was recorded from 180 cm spaced trenches with triple row strips. 102 t∙ha−1 yield was recorded from 120 cm spaced trenches. While minimum yield 91 t∙ha−1 was recorded from 60 cm apart furrow as shown in Table 1. [7] [11] reported more cane yield was obtained from wider rows as compared to narrow rows. Regression model is indicated in Figure 3.
4.5. Brix Percentage
Cane maturity is commonly measured on the basis of brix degree. The perusal of data (Table 1) revealed that effect of different planting configurations on brix percentage was non-significant and the average ranged from 21.51% to 21.85%. Non significant results might be ascribed to stable genetic character of the variety as well as similar environmental conditions, same date of sowing and harvesting, and similar nutrient management in the experimental field. Our findings are similar to [15] [16] they reported non-significant effect of row spacing on brix percentage.
4.6. Polarity Percent
Results depicted in Table 2 indicated non-significant variations in sucrose contents in all the treatments. Based on means, pol percentage ranged from 18.66% to 18.91% in different planting configurations. Non significant results might be ascribed to stable genetic character of the variety as well as similar environmental conditions, same date of sowing and harvesting, and similar nutrient management in the experimental field. Our results are in line with those of [7] [13] they manifested that different planting techniques did not affect polarity contents.
4.7. Cane Juice Purity
Data shown in Table 2 indicated that planting configurations failed to effect cane juice purity percentage. In different trenches and furrow, cane juice purity ranged from 86.19% to 86.85%. As such, purity coefficient did not exhibit significant differences for varied row spacing. Non significant results might be ascribed to stable genetic character of the variety as well as similar environmental conditions, same date of sowing and harvesting, and similar nutrient management in the experimental field. Above results are in line with results of [13] [17] . While [18] also witnessed that purity was non-significantly affected by different row spacings.
4.8. Cane Juice Percentage
Perusal of data in Table 2 exhibited that planting configurations failed to effect cane juice percentage. On an average, cane juice percentage ranged from 69.7% to 70% in different row spacings. Juice extraction percentage
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Figure 3. Influence of cane diameter on stripped cane yield.
was not significantly affected by row spacing and seeding rates, although marginally higher values were recorded with wider row spacing and higher seeding rate [12] . These results are also in line with the findings of [17] who reported non-significant influence of sowing techniques on cane juice content.
4.9. Commercial Cane Sugar
CCS % is one of the most aspects of cane quality the final goal to achieve optimum sugar yield. The real cane quality is reflected by its commercial cane sugar (CCS) percentage. Commercial cane sugar was not significantly affected by different planting geometry. Under different planting configurations commercial cane sugar (CCS %) ranged from 14.03% to 14.18% (Table 2). Our results are similar to those of [7] [19] they stated that planting techniques failed to affect CCS %.
4.10. Cane Sugar Recovery
Perusal of data manifested that different planting configurations failed to affect cane sugar recovery percentage. Data expressed in Table 2 exhibited that effect of different planting configurations on cane sugar recovery percentage was non-significant. However cane sugar recovery percent ranged from 13.12% to 13.33%. [13] [15] also reported non-significant differences in sucrose contents by planting sugarcane either at wider or narrow row spacing.
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Table 2. Effect of planting techniques on polarity, cane juice purity, cane juice %, commercial cane sugar, cane sugar recovery, sugar yield.
Letters A,B,C,D represents significant results. A means highest obtained value while D means lowest obtained value. A,B,C,D follows descending order in terms of values. (A>B>C>D).
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Figure 4. Influence of stripped cane yield on sugar yield.
4.11. Sugar Yield
Perusal of data in Table 2 revealed that different planting methods significantly affected sugar yield. Cane sown in 180 cm spaced trenches with triple row strips gave highest total sugar yield 15.11 t∙ha−1. Cane sown at 120 cm spaced trenches gave sugar yield 14.48 t∙ha−1. Lowest sugar yield was manifested from 60 cm spaced furrow 12.80 t∙ha−1. The findings are similar to [13] [19] . They concluded that sugar yield was significantly higher in crop sown in wider spaced trenches. Regression model is indicated in Figure 4.
5. Conclusion
From above discussion, it is concluded that 180 cm spaced trenches with triple row strips is the most suitable planting method for sugarcane. Planting methods had non-significant results on quality parameters like brix %, polarity %, cane juice purity %, cane juice %, commercial cane sugar % and cane sugar recovery %.
NOTES
*Corresponding author.