On the Oscillation of Second-Order Nonlinear Neutral Delay Dynamic Equations on Time Scales

Quanxin Zhang, Xia Song, Li Gao

Department of Mathematics, Binzhou University, Shandong, China.

DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2016.46112                

Abstract

Based on Riccati transformation and the inequality technique, we establish some new sufficient conditions for oscillation of the second-order neutral delay dynamic equations on time scales. Our results not only extend and improve some known theorems, but also unify the oscillation of the second-order nonlinear delay differential equation and the second-order nonlinear delay difference equation on time scales. At the end of this paper, we give an example to illustrate the main results.

Keywords

Oscillation, Dynamic Equations, Neutral, Time Scale

Received 9 May 2016; accepted 13 June 2016; published 16 June 2016

1. Introduction

The theory of time scales was first proposed by Hilger [1] in order to unify continuous and discrete analysis. Several researchers have made greater contributions to various aspects of this new theory; see [2] - [4] . The new theory of dynamic equations on time scales not only unifies the theories of differential equations and difference equations, but also extends these classical cases to cases “in between”, e.g., to so-called q-difference equations where.

In recent years, there has been much research involving the oscillation and nonoscillation of solutions of various equations on time scales such as [5] - [18] . In this paper we study and give the sufficient conditions for oscillation of the second-order neutral delay dynamic equation

(1.1)

where and is unbounded time scale. Besides that, we will have hypotheses as follows throughout the paper:

(H₁) is the ratio of two positive odd integers and.

(H₂) are positive rd-continuous functions with satisfying.

(H₃) is a strictly increasing and differentiable function such that,

as and.

(H₄) is a continuous function which satisfies for all where L is a positive constant.

In addition, for the sake of clearness and convenience,we will use the notation

in the following narrative.

It is well known by reserchers in this field that an dynamic equation is called oscillatory in case all its solutions are oscillatory, and a solution of the equation is said to be oscillatory if it is neither eventually positive nor eventually negative. We only discuss those solutions x of Equation (1.1) that are not eventually zero in this paper. Moreover we refer to [3] [4] for general basic background, ideas and more details on dynamic equations.

Because of, we shall consider Equation (1.1) respectively based on the case

(1.2)

and the other case

(1.3)

2. Several Lemmas

In this section, we present and prove three lemmas which play important roles in the proofs of the main results.

Lemma 1. ( [16] ) Assume that is strictly increasing, is a time scale and

. Let. If and exist for, then exists, and

(2.1)

Lemma 2. ( [3] ) Assume that x is delta-differentiable and eventually positive or eventually negative, then

(2.2)

We give the below lemma and prove it similar to that of Q. Zhang and X. Song ( [17] , Lemma 3.5).

Lemma 3. Based on (1.2), assume that (H₁)-(H₄) hold. If x is an eventually positive solution of (1.1), there exists such that

(2.3)

Proof. Assume is an eventually positive solution of (1.1). That is, there exists such that

and for Because of and, we get

esaily for. At the same time for, from equation (1.1) we obtain that

(2.4)

so is decreasing. From (2.4), we know that is either eventually positive or eventually negative. Now we assert that.

Suppose to the contrary that there exits such that for all. Because is decreasing,

(2.5)

for, where. Based on the above inequality (2.5), we get

(2.6)

After integrating the two sides of inequality (2.6) from t₂ to, we have

(2.7)

When, we get from (1.2) and the above (2.7), which is contradictory to. So the above hypothesis of is false. In other words, we get for. This completes the proof. □

3. Main Results

Now we state and prove our main results in this section.

Theorem 1. Based on (1.2), assume that the conditions (H₁)-(H₄) hold. If there exists a positive nondecreasing D-differentiable function such that for every

(3.1)

where

(3.2)

then (1.1) is oscillatory on.

Proof. Assume that (1.1) has a nonoscillatory solution x on. We may assume that and

for all. By the definition of, it follows. From (H₃) we

know, by Lemma 3 we have, so, and, we obtain

The proof that x is eventually negative is similar. By Lemma 3 we have for all,

, and by Lemma 1 and (H₃), there exists such that for all.

Using (2.2) and (2.3), we have

is unbounded above, which implies. Furthermore, from Lemma 1 we get

Thus, by (H₃),

(3.3)

Next we define the function by

(3.4)

Then on, we have. From the basic knowledge of the time scale calculus that you can see in [3] , we obtain

From (1.1) and (H₄), we get

i.e.,

(3.5)

(3.6)

On the other hand, because

we get

(3.7)

Using (3.7) in (3.6), we have

(3.8)

At last, integrating (3.8) from T to t, we obtain

which creates a contradiction to (3.1). This completes the proof. □

Remark 1. From Theorem 1, we can obtain different conditions for oscillation of all solutions of (1.1) with different choices of.

Next, we give the conditions that guarantee every solution of (1.1) oscillates when (1.3) holds.

Theorem 2. Based on (1.3), assume that the conditions (H₁)-(H₄), (3.1) and (3.2) hold. If for every

(3.9)

where

(3.10)

then (1.1) is oscillatory on.

Proof. Assume that (1.1) has a nonoscillatory solution x on, then it is neither eventually positive nor eventually negative. Without loss of generality, we may assume that, then for all, , it follows and

The proof is similar when x is eventually negative. Since is decreasing for all and, it is eventually of one sign and hence is eventually of one sign. So we shall distinguish the following two cases to discuss:

(I) for; and

(II) for.

Case (I). The proof that is eventually positive is similar to that in Theorem 1, so it is omitted here.

Case (II). For, we have

then

(3.11)

Integrating (3.11) from t (t ≥ T) to u (u ≥ t) and letting, we have

and thus

(3.12)

where. Applying (3.12) to Equation (1.1), we find

(3.13)

Integrating (3.13) from T to t, we have

Therefore,

(3.14)

Next integrating (3.14) from T to t, we obtain

By (3.9), we have, which contradicts. This completes the proof. □

Remark 2. By Theorem 2, we get the sufficient condition of oscillation for Equation (1.1) when the condition (1.3) is satisfied, while the usual result existing is that the conditions (1.3) was established, then every solution of the Equation (1.1) is either oscillatory or converges to zero on.

Theorem 3. Based on (1.2), assume (H₁)-(H₄) hold and. If there exists a positive D-

differentiable function such that for every

(3.15)

where is as the same as that in (3.2), then (1.1) is oscillatory on.

Proof. Assume that (1.1) has a nonoscillatory solution x on. Without loss of generality, we can assume that and for all,. By the definition of, it follows. The proof when x is eventually negative is similar. Proceeding as the proof of Theorem 1, we obtained (3.3) and (3.5). Using (3.3) in (3.5), we have that on

(3.16)

Also, since, we have

i.e.,

(3.17)

Substituting (3.17) into (3.16), we obtain on

i.e.,

(3.18)

Now using inequality (3.7), we get

Hence, we have

This implies that on

(3.19)

Using (3.19) in (3.18), we have on that

Integrating both sides of this inequality from T to t, taking the limsup of the resulting inequality as and applying condition (3.15), we obtain a contradiction to the fact that for. This completes the proof. □

Using the same ideas as in the proof of Theorem 2, we can now obtain the following result based on (1.3).

Theorem 4. Under the condition (1.3), assume that the conditions (H₁)-(H₄), (3.9) and (3.15) hold, then (1.1) is oscillatory on. □

4. Application

Now we shall reformulate the above conditions which are sufficient for the oscillation of (1.1) when (1.2) holds on different time scales:

If, Equation (1.1) becomes

(4.1)

and then conditions (3.1) and (3.15), respectively, become

(4.2)

and

(4.3)

The conditions (4.2) and (4.3) are new.

If, Equation (1.1) becomes

(4.4)

and conditions (3.1) and (3.15), respectively, become

(4.5)

and

(4.6)

At same time, the Theorems 1 and 3 are new for the case.

Example 1. Consider the second-order nonlinear delay 2-difference equations

(4.7)

where. This gives

The conditions (H₁)-(H₃) are clearly satisfied, and (H₄) holds with L = 1. Because

(1.2) is satisfied. Now let for all, and then

Thus when, we have

It is easy to see that (3.1) is satisfied as well. Altogether, the Equation (4.7) is oscillatory by Theorem 1.

Acknowledgements

We thank the Editor and the referee for their comments. Research of Q. Zhang is funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China grant ZR2013AM003. This support is greatly appreciated.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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