Combination of Pretreatments with Acetic Acid and Sodium Methoxide for Efficient Digoxin Preparation from Digitalis Glycosides in Digitalis lanata Leaves ()
Received 21 April 2016; accepted 28 May 2016; published 31 May 2016
1. Introduction
Digitalis (D.) lanata is a species of foxglove, and its name comes from the texture of the leaves like fingers of a glove. D. lanata contains various cardiac glycosides that are used to treat congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Among them, digoxin (Dx) is most commonly used, and is available for per oral administration, while deslanoside (DLC, deacetyl form of lanatoside C) is used for intravenous administration. These compounds are obtained by extraction from the leaves of D. lanata. It is well known that lanatoside C (LC) is transformed into α-acetyldigoxin (ADx) by deglucosylation mediated by digilanidase present in the leaves [1] , and ADx is subsequently converted to digoxin by deacetylation.
We previously determined the amounts of LC and Dx in dried leaf powder of D. lanata by means of an HPLC-UV (220 nm) method using a reversed-phase C8 column [2] . Extraction was carried out by addition of 50% methanol (25 mL) to the dried powder, followed by ultrasonication for 1 h. Pretreatment with 0.05% sodium bicarbonate solution and incubation at 40˚C gradually decreased the amount of LC and increased that of Dx, compared with the control. We also developed an HPLC method to determine ADx using the same column, and found that the ADx level was increased 10-fold by heating the suspension in 0.05% acetic acid [3] ; this pretreatment appeared to promote deglucosylation of LC to ADx by activating digilanidase. Cobb [4] used a silica gel column to assay Dx generated by enzymatic conversion of LC, followed by deacetylation with sodium hydroxide. Pekić and Miljković [5] reported conversion of LC to DLC by sodium methoxide. Based on these reports, we considered that a suitable pretreatment method or combination of methods would enable us to maximize the yield of Dx from D. lanata.
Several methods for assay for Dx and/or other cardiac glycosides such as DLC in biological samples have been developed using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry [6] [7] and pulsed amperometric detection [8] , but these techniques are quite complex, and require expensive equipment. On the other hand, we established Dx immunoassays using highly specific antisera [9] - [12] , but since these are specific for Dx, the amounts of other cardiac glycosides co-existing in the leaves cannot be evaluated precisely.
In those assays, we utilized alkaline hydrolysis and hydrolysis with digilanidase. Alkaline hydrolysis of LC is considered to produce DLC by deacetylation. Therefore, in the present work, we first established a simultaneous HPLC-UV method to determine LC, DLC, ADx and Dx in D. lanata leaves, using a reversed phase C18 column. Then, we used the developed procedure to examine the effectiveness of various pretreatments for maximizing recovery of Dx from the leaves.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
Dx, LC and DLC were obtained from Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI, U.S.A.), Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) and the National Institute of Hygenic Sciences (Japan), respectively. ADx and β-methyldigoxin (MDx; used as an internal standard, IS) were obtained from Boehringer Mannheim (Mannheim, Germany). Acetic acid and sodium methoxide were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Methanol (HPLC grade) and acetonitrile (HPLC grade) were purchased from Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. (Tokyo, Japan).
2.2. Chromatographic Conditions
The HPLC system comprised a model L-7110 pump (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan), a Rheodyne injection valve (Cotati. CA, USA) with a 20-μL loop, and a model L-7405 UV detector (Hitachi) operating at UV wavelength of 220 nm. The HPLC column (Cosmosil 5C18-AR-300, Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto) was 150 × 4.6 mm i.d., packed with 5 μm particles of C18 material. Quantification of the peaks was performed using a Model D-2500 chromato-integrator (Hitachi). The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile: methanol: ultrapurewater (Milli-Q water purification system, Simplicity® UV, Millipore Corporation, Bedford, MA, USA) = 10:100:90 (v/v/v). The samples were eluted from the column at room temperature at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. An aliquot of 15 to 20 μL was injected into the HPLC system.
2.3. Plant Materials
D. lanata leaves were collected during the flowering stage in June 2000 at the Medical Plant Garden (Kanazawa, Japan) of Hokuriku University. The plants were obtained from Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd. in June, 1976. The color and size of flowers have not been changed morphologically. The fresh leaves were immediately freeze-dried and then dried over P2O5 under reduced pressure at room temperature. The dried leaves were pulverized and sifted through a sieve of mesh width 500 μm. The dried leaf powder was further dried over P2O5 under reduced pressure for 5 days.
2.4. Standard Solutions
LC, DLC, ADx and Dx (each ca 2.5 mg) were each accurately weighed and dissolved in methanol (100 mL). Various volumes of prepared cardiac glycoside solution were added to 2 mL of MDx (IS) solution in methanol (18.81 mg/250 mL) to prepare standard solutions. Standard curves were obtained as described below.
2.5. Sample Preparation
The previous methods were modified for sample preparation [2] [3] . Briefly, dried leaf powder (ca. 50 mg) was accurately weighed and extracted with 50% methanol (1 mL). After ultrasonication for 1 h in an ultrasonic cleaning bath at room temperature, the extract was filtered through a filter paper (No. 2, ADVANTEC, Toyo Roshi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) on a funnel fused-in fritted glass disc (SIBATA, Soka, Saitama, Japan). The residue was extracted with 50% methanol (1 mL) three times and filtered. Methanol (40 μL), acetic acid (50 μL), water (5 mL) and IS (75.24 μg, 2 mL) were added to the combined filtrate and the mixture was applied to a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge (Waters). Methanol (5 mL) and water (5 mL) was used to activate the cartridge, which was then washed with 15% acetonitrile (30 mL). Target compounds were eluted with 30% acetonitrile (10 mL). Aliquots of the eluate (15 to 20 μL) were injected into the HPLC system.
2.6. Enzymatic Hydrolysis Procedure
The sample (ca. 50 mg) was accurately weighed and suspended in 0.05% acetic acid 3 mL. The suspension was incubated at 2 h for 50˚C, and 50% methanol (1 mL) was added. The mixture was sonicated for 1 h. Then, the same procedure was repeated.
2.7. Alkaline Hydrolysis Procedure
A sample (ca. 50 mg) was extracted with 50% methanol (1 mL) with the aid of ultrasonication three times, fol-lowed by filtration as above (“Sample Preparation”). The residue was extracted with 2.8% sodium methoxide in methanol (40 μL) at 60˚C for 2 h and filtered. Then, the same procedure was repeated.
2.8. Combination of Pretreatments
The sample (ca. 50 mg) was accurately weighed and suspended in 0.05% acetic acid 3 mL. The suspension was incubated at 2 h for 50˚C, and 50% methanol (1 mL) was added. After ultrasonication for 1 h in an ultrasonic cleaning bath, the suspension was filtered. The residue was extracted with 50% methanol (1 mL) three times and the solution was filtered. Next, 2.8% sodium methoxide in methanol (40 μL) was added to the combined filtrate and the mixture was incubated at 60˚C for 2 h. Then, the same procedure was repeated.
2.9. Data Analysis
Analytical data were expressed as mean ± S.D. (n = 5). S.D. = 
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Standard Curves
The chemical structures and molecular weights of LC, DLC, ADx, Dx and MDx are shown in Figure 1. A typical chromatogram is shown in Figure 2. Retention times of DLC, LC, Dx, ADx and IS were 8.4, 11.9, 12.9, 20.1 and 22.9 min, respectively. Standard curves of the four cardiac glycosides were constructed by plotting five
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Figure 1. Chemical structures and molecular weights of cardiac glycosides.
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Figure 2. Typical chromatogram of DLC, LC, Dx, ADx and MDx. The retention times of DLC (1), LC (2), Dx (3), ADx (4) and MDx (5) were 8.4, 11.9, 20.1 and 23.2, respectively. MDx (5) was used as the IS.
or six data points. The regression lines were y = 0.008331x − 0.002581 for DLC with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9988 (range 24.74 - 123.7 μg), y = 0.005854x − 0.001715 for LC (r = 0.9996, range 26.00 - 130.0 μg), y = 0.010359x − 0.010774 for Dx (r = 0.9994, range 25.58 - 127.9 μg), y = 0.009472x − 0.001506 for ADx (r = 0.9993, range 16.16 - 161.6 μg), where y represents the peak area ratio of each cardiac glycoside to the IS and x represents the amount (μg) added in preparing the standard solutions.
3.2. Amounts of Cardiac Glycosides in D. lanata Leaves
A typical chromatogram of cardiac glycosides obtained from D. lanata leaves is shown in Figure 3. LC, Dx and ADx were detected, and their amounts per 100 mg of leaves were estimated to be 115.6 ± 1.8, 7.45 ± 0.40 and 23.8 ± 1.2 μg (mean ± S.D.; n = 5), respectively (Table 1). These values correspond to 117.3, 9.5 and 28.9 nmol, and total cardiac glycosides amounted to 155.7 nmol. DLC was not detected.
3.3. Enzymatic Hydrolysis
The powder suspended in 0.05% acetic acid as a pretreatment, which is considered to activate digilanidase present in the leaves. The amounts of Dx and ADx per 100 mg of leaves after the pretreatment were estimated to be 21.1 ± 8.0 and 52.1 ± 7.5 μg (mean ± S.D.; n = 5), respectively (Table 2). These values correspond to 27.0 and 63.3 nmol. DLC and LC were not detected (data not shown). Total recovery was 58.0% compared with the control.
3.4. Alkaline Hydrolysis
Addition of sodium methoxide to the residue of the powder extracted with 50% methanol is considered to cause hydrolysis of ester. The amounts of DLC and Dx per 100 mg of leaves after the pretreatment were estimated to be 65.6 ± 1.4 and 20.9 ± 0.4 μg (mean ± S.D.; n = 5), respectively (Table 3). These values correspond to 69.6 and 20.9 nmol. LC and ADx were not detected (data not shown). Total recovery was 61.9% compared with the control.
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Figure 3. Typical chromatogram of cardiac glycosides from D. lanata leaves. LC (2), Dx (3) and ADx (4) were determined. MDx (5) was used as the IS.
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Table 1. LC, Dx and ADx amounts per 100 mg of D. lanata leaves.
3.5. Combination of Pretreatments
Based on the above results, we speculated that the combination of both pretreatments would allow us to isolate digoxin alone from D. lanata leaves. Indeed, only Dx was detected after the combined pretreatments, as shown in Figure 4, and the amount of digoxin per 100 mg of the leaves was estimated to be 115.1 ± 11.7 μg (mean ± S.D.; n = 5) (Table 4). Thus, compared with the control, the Dx level was increased about 15-fold.This amount of Dx corresponds to 147.4 nmol, and the recovery was 94.7% compared with the control. Thus, the combination
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Table 2. Dx and ADx amounts per 100 mg of D. lanata leaves after the pretreatment with acetic acid.
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Table 3. DLC and Dx amounts per 100 mg of D. lanata leaves after the pretreatment with sodium methoxide.
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Figure 4. Typical chromatogram of sample of cardiac glycosides from D. lanata leaves after the combination of pretreatments. Only Dx (3) was determined, while DLC, LC and ADx were not detected. MDx (5) was used as the IS.
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Table 4. DLC and Dx amounts per 100 mg of D. lanata leaves after the combined pretreatment with acetic acid and sodium methoxide.
of these pretreatments provides excellent recovery of Dx from the leaves. It remains to be established whether other cardiac glycosides in the leaves are also converted to Dx by these pretreatments, thereby contributing to the high recovery.
4. Conclusion
The combination of pretreatments with acetic acid and sodium methoxide enabled recovery of Dx from D. lanata leaves at the level of 115.1 μg/100 mg leaves, as compared with 7.45 μg/100 mg leaves in the absence of any pretreatment. These results indicate that this combination of pretreatments is effective for maximizing the yield of Dx from D. lanata leaves.
NOTES
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*Corresponding author.