Upper Cervical Spine Infection. Complication of Hypopharyngeal Injury ()
Received 25 June 2015; accepted 20 March 2016; published 23 March 2016
1. Introduction
The majority of foreign bodies are ingested uneventfully via the intestinal tract but around 5% to 10% get stuck in the esophagus possibly leading to grave consequences [1] . Seeking medical care may be delayed in up to 50% of cases [2] . As a result a retropharyngeal abscess may ensue [3] . Cervical osteomyelitis is a rare condition, comprising only 2% to 7% of all bone conditions [4] . Although cervical spondylodiscitis is less common than thoracic and lumbar levels involvement, it can be a much more dramatic and rapidly deteriorating process, leading to early neurological deficits [5] .
Osteomyelitis is more common in immunocompromised patients, but can occur in immunocompetent individuals with no prior history of drug abuse [6] . Bacterial infections especially Staphylococcus aureus remain the most common cause of spondylodiscitis [7] - [11] , whereas Candida sp. are considered rare causative agents [12] .
In this paper, we report a rare case of retropharyngeal abscess, spondylodiscitis and epidural abscess with significant spinal cord compression at C2-C3 levels caused by Candida albicans.
2. Case Report
Presentation
A 63-year-old female, previously healthy, presented to an outside hospital with a 3-month history of neck and bilateral shoulder pain.
Her condition started after swallowing a chicken bone that got stuck in the throat for a few seconds. Later on, she developed dysphagia and underwent an upper endoscopy which revealed a superficial injury to the hypopharynx without obvious tear in the wall of the esophagus. She was discharged on oral antibiotics (Augmentin 1 g q12h) and steroids (Prednisone 20 mg bid) for a period of two weeks.
Her swallowing difficulties improved. However, one month after the initial accident, she developed neck pain radiating to both shoulders associated with low grade fever, she also complained of chest pain. A cervical spine MRI revealed a 2.5 × 1 × 0.5 cm anterior epidural and retropharyngeal abscess at the level of C2-C3 associated to compression of the spinal cord. She was started on Vancomycin (1 g q12h) and Meropenem (1 g q8h), but was shifted to Ciprofloxacin (750 mg q12h) and Tigecycline (100 mg then 50 mg every 12 hours) after she developed a diffuse rash. No surgical intervention was done at this stage. A repeat MRI two weeks later, revealed an increase in the epidural abscess size with progression of the spinal cord compression with evidence of C2-C3 frank osteomyelitis (Figure 1(a), Figure 1(b)).
At this point the patient was transferred to our institution at the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC) in a hard neck collar for further management.
Upon admission, the patient was afebrile, White Blood Count (WBC) = 15,300 with 52% neutrophils, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) = 34 mm/hr (Nl 10-20) and C-reactive protein (C.R.P) = 10.4 mg/l (Nl 0-205). She was awake and oriented but walked with a spastic gait and mild imbalance. Neurological examination showed diffuse hyperreflexia in upper and lower extremities, proximal upper and lower extremities weakness of 4/5, right sided Hoffman sign and right Babinski sign. Patient was started on Tigecycline and Ceftazidime.
After a careful fiberoptic intubation, the patient underwent surgery and a posterior cervical fusion using pedicle
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Figure 1. (a) Preop T1 WI MRI; (b) Pre operation T2 WI MRI.
and lateral mass screws (C2-C5). No decompression was done by fear of contaminating the posterior column. Extubation was carried successfully.
A barium swallow done two days post-operatively revealed a focal disruption of the posterior wall of the esophagus with a linear extravasation of contrast into the retropharyngeal space at C2-C3 level (Figure 2). A nasogastric tube was kept in place.
The patient underwent a second surgical procedure. A high right neck horizontal incision just below the level of the mandible was used, extending from the level of the sternocleidomastoid to the midline. After cutting the platysma, the deep neck structures were dissected. The major vessels were identified, and were retracted laterally. The larynx, trachea and underlying esophagus/hypopharynx were retracted medially, revealing the retropharyngeal space and longus colli muscle. A wide exposure was done without the need for submandibular resection [13] . The posterior aspect of the hypopharynx was carefully inspected and a small circular defect was identified representing the fistulous tract of a 1.5 cm diameter adherent to the abscess at C2-C3 disc level verified using C-arm. After minimal manipulation at the C2-C3 disc space, pus was expressed from the infected disc (Figure 3(a), Figure 3(b)).
The infected disc was removed in a piecemeal fashion. The posterior longitudinal ligament had been breached by the abscess which was removed in total after drilling of both endplates and part of the vertebral bodies of C2 and C3, leading to adequate spinal cord decompression (Figure 4). Fusion was done using autologus bone graft harvested from the right iliac crest (Figure 5).
The sternocleidomastoid was carefully dissected along its length. The greater auricular nerve was identified and spared. The medial half of the muscle was separated from the bulk of the muscle and cut inferiorly, creating a superiorly-based muscle flap (Figure 6).
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Figure 3. (a) (left) Intraoperative suctioning of purulent discharges (Macroscopic view); (b) (right) Intraoperative suctioning of purulent discharges (Microscopic view).
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Figure 4. C2 C3 disc space after evacuation of the abscess and drilling of lower endplate of C2 and upper endplate of C3.
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Figure 5. Fusion of C2 C3 using autologus bone graft harvested from right iliac crest.
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Figure 6. Muscle flap from sternocleidomastoid muscle.
This flap was rotated medially and was used to close the hypopharyngeal defect completely (Figure 7(a), Figure 7(b)). A few sutures were taken to approximate the surrounding soft tissue structures to further seal the area of the defect. The NG tube was securely sutured to the patient’s collumella in anticipation for a long term use until a complete seal of the defect was secured. The patient tolerated the procedure well and left the Operating Room intubated in a stable condition.
Post-operatively the patient was kept intubated for five days after which a successful extubation was performed. The NG tube was kept in place for six weeks. A transitory proximal lower extremities weakness was noticed when ambulating the patient but eventually recovered three weeks later with the help of physiotherapy and aggressive rehabilitation (Figure 8(a), Figure 8(b)). Intra-operative cultures revealed heavy growth of Candida albicans for which fluconazole (400 mg per day for six weeks) was added to the treatment. Six months later patient presented to clinic for follow-up had significant improvement in her muscle tone. Barium swallow
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Figure 7. (a) Hypopharyngeal defect; (b) Closure of the defect using muscle flap.
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Figure 8. (a) Post operation T2 WI MRI; (b) Post operation T1 WI MRI.
ordered revealed complete healing of the fistula.
3. Discussion
Cervical osteomyelitis is the least common location for spine infection [14] . Multiple causes have been postulated, such as direct spine trauma [15] , post-surgical manifestation [16] , hematogenous seeding [17] or a direct infection from a paravertebral space [18] . Symptoms upon presentation are vague, until neurological deficits develop, usually due to the long time lag between the onset of infection and the diagnosis [19] . In contrast to the thoracic spine area, the cervical spine has less stability and a smaller diameter of the bone canal. This narrow space will confer higher risk of neurological deficit and need an earlier aggressive treatment modality [20] .
Candida species, usually ubiquitous to skin and mucous membrane, are considered rare pathogens to cause osteomyelitis [21] . Candida albicans is the most prevalent in candida osteomyelitis [22] .
A delay between onset and presentation has been reported in the literature with an average of 3.3 months [21] , ranging from few days to more than one year [23] . In our case, endoscopy was done but did not unveil the full picture. However, barium swallow confirmed the retropharyngeal abscess.
Surgery is considered a necessity when there is compression of the spinal cord, when there is bony instability due to severe osteomyelitis or the presence of a severe pain despite conservative management [24] - [26] .
Surgical management involves debridement, neurological decompression, spine stabilization and alignment repair [27] . Anterior and posterior internal fixation should be performed to increase stability and maintain reduction [28] [29] . Grafting can be done in parallel with the stabilization process in order to hasten the healing process even in the presence of purulent material [30] .
4. Conclusion
While candida species are an unusual cause of spinal osteomyelitis, they should be considered in traumatic injuries. Prompt investigation with barium swallows and MRI should be initiated when we have high suspicion. Vertebral destruction associated with abscess formation and cord compression can result when no intervention is implemented. Prompt surgical debridement, fusion and stabilization combined with adequate antimicrobial agents are necessary to guarantee a good outcome and reverse the neurological deficits. Barium Swallow should be the first diagnostic modality in suspected cases following choking injuries. Posterior instrumentation can add to the stability of the spine provided no communication occurs between the posterior column and the rest of the infected spine. Anterior surgical debridement and decompression of the spinal cord followed by bony fusion is the gold standard for treatment, followed by appropriate antifungal treatment after culture results are out.
NOTES
*Corresponding author.
#Ghassan Skaf: MD, FRCSC; Elias Elias: MD, MPH.