Immunohistochemical Expression of VEGF in Relation to Other Pathological Parameters of Breast Carcinoma ()
1. Introduction
Breast carcinoma is one of the most important diseases for women and constitutes about one fourth of all cancers, making it the most common cancer in females [1] . Angiogenesis, the development and formation of new blood vessels, is important in a variety of physiological processes, such as growth, differentiation, healing and neoplasia [2] . Sequential interaction of neoplastic cells with this neovasculature is now believed to be one of the most significant steps in metastasis, tumor cells capable of rapid proliferation are thought to be dependent on persistent blood vessels to expand, and the absence of neovascularization will consequently restrict tumor growth. Vascularization is likewise considered to permit shedding of cells from the primary tumor to distant body sites, thus facilitating the metastatic process [3] . Angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors, secreted by tumor, inflammatory, and stromal cells play an important role in regulation of neovascularization. Among the most important of these is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This growth factor may be produced in response to environment stimuli, mainly hypoxia, and to stimulation by certain cytokines and estradiol [4] -[6] . It belongs to gene family that includes placental growth factor (PLGF), VEGFB, VEGFC, and VEGFD. Its molecular weight is 34 - 46 kDa, size is 232 amino acids, location is 6p12, and alias is VEGFA [7] [8] .
Increased VEGF has been shown in several angiogenic processes, both physiological and pathological. VEGF expression has been correlated with high vascularity in tumors, including breast cancer. Expression of VEGF in breast carcinoma has been studied with some contradictory results. This expression has been found to be correlated with tumor size, grade, lymph node status, disease free survival and overall survival [9] -[14] . However, other investigators didn’t find any association of VEGF expression with tumor size, lymph node status or disease free survival and overall survival [15] . This study assessed that the expression of VEGF in a series of breast cancers in correlation with HER-2/neu and steroid receptors (ER and PR) in standard clinicopathological parameters is an attempt to clarify its potential clinical importance. HER2/neu (gene map to chromosome 17) is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family. Activation of the HER2/neu gene results in synthesis of 185 kD transmembrane protein, whose intracellular domain possesses tyrosine kinase activity and through phosphorylation induction leads to tumor cell proliferation [6] .
HER2/neu amplification or overexpression has been shown to be associated with higher grades of tumor and poorer prognosis [6] [16] . With respect to hormone receptors status (estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR)), breast cancer is considered as a hormone-dependent cancer. In published literatures, approximately 50% of tumors are ER+ PR+; 25% ER− PR−; 20% ER+ PR− and 5% are ER− PR+ [14] [15] . Indeed, the estrogen receptor (ER) and the progesterone receptor (PR) have been widely accepted as established parameter in the management of patients with primary breast cancer along with HER-2/neu and VEGF status as prognostic markers. Her-2/neu shows overexpression in high grade cancer and displays lower responsiveness to hormone receptors modulators. Hormone receptors positivity inversely correlates with the presence of epidermal growth factor receptor [17] .
So biological markers able to predict responsiveness to therapy would be of great help to physicians aiming to select the most appropriate treatment for each patient [16] . The present study is the first to look at the co-ex- pression of these biomarkers in breast tissue samples from Iraqi women of the middle Euphrates area and the results of this work are compared to findings on co-expression of these biomarkers in studies on breast cancer from other parts of the world.
2. Methods
Approval for the study was granted by the Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Ethics Committee. The Authors wrote to the patients asking if they would be willing to donate their tissues for the project. Families of individuals were also contacted. The samples were taken from consenting individuals and their families.
2.1. Sampling of Cases
a) Study group: Fifty two cases of female patients with breast carcinoma (as confirmed by H & E-stained histopathological examination) were included in this study, their ages ranging between 26 - 70 years with a mean age of 45.96 years, 36 specimens were from modified radical mastectomy and 16 from excisional biopsy. These cases were collected from laboratory of histopathology in Al-Sadder Teaching Medical City Hospital in Al Najaf and from some private laboratories in the same governorate.
b) Comparative group: Twenty cases of benign breast lesion (all were fibroadenomas) collected from patients of the same age groups to compare the rate of VEGF, ER, PR and HER-2/neu immunoexpression with malignant breast tissues.
c) Control group: Twenty cases of normal breast tissue were selected from patients of the same age groups presented with breast biopsy other than tumor, and regarded as a control group. Each step was done for the control group in parallel with that for study and comparative groups.
d) Positive control Slides: Parallel positive control sections were processed with each set of immunostaining. Positive controls of breast carcinoma sections which are known to express VEGF, ER, PR and HER-2/neu, respectively were used with each run.
e) Negative controls slides: Sections untreated with primary antibody for (VEGF, ER, PR and HER-2/neu) tumor markers were considered as negative controls for each set of slides.
2.2. Materials and Equipments
2.2.1. Primary Antibody
for immunohistochemical detection of VEGF, HER-2/neu, ER and PR using Monoclonal Mouse Anti-Human Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Code M7273, Dako Denmark A/S Produktionsvej 42 DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark, Polyclonal Rabbit Anti- Human c-erbB-2 Oncoprotein, Code No. 0485, Dako Denmark A/S Produktionsvej 42 DK-2600 Glostrup, Monoclonal mouse anti-human estrogen receptor α, Code No.
Dako cytomation Denmark A/S, Produktionsvej 42, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark and Monoclonal mouse antihuman progesterone receptor, Code No. M3569, Dako cytomation Denmark were used as primary antibodies for the detection.
2.2.2. Antibody Diluents
with Background Reducing Components; 125 ml, Code S3022, LOT 00002288, Dako North America, Inc. 6392 Via Real Carpentaria, CA 93013 USA used for the VEGF in the dilution range of 1:25 - 1:50, ER and PR in the dilution range of 1:20 and for Her2/neu in the dilution range of 1:200.
2.2.3. Antigen Retrieval
Target Retrieval Solution, 500 ml, PH 9, Code S2368, LOT 00026677, Dako Denmark A/S Produktionsvej 42 DK-2600 Glostrup Denmark.
2.2.4. Buffer Solution
Tris buffered Saline with Tween 20.10× Concentrate Code S3306 used for VEGF, ER, PR and Her2/neu. Dakocytomation Denmark A/S Produktionsvej 42 DK-2600 Glostrup Denmark. Dako, Inc. 6392 via Real Carpentaria, CA 93013 USA.
2.2.5. Staining Kit
Dakocytomation, Code K0679, sufficient for 150 tissue sections, based on 100 microliters per section.
2.3. Immunohistochemical Staining Protocol
The immunostaining method used in the current study was Labelled Strept-Avidin Biotin (LSAB+) technique which was applied for VEGF, HER-2/neu, ER and PR staining and included the followings: Tissues: 4 μm sections of multi-block with 10% Formalin fixed and paraffin embedded human tissue. Mounted on Silanized slides (S3003). Primary antibody: Antibodies are diluted in Dako Antibody Diluent (S3022). Control: The negative control is pretreated and then incubated in Antibody Diluent step in the protocol. Deparaffinization: This has been performed previously after the sections were dried for 1 hour at 60˚C. Pretreatments: [Heat induced epitope retrieval in microwave-oven (MWO)].
2.4. Scoring System
The criterion for positive immunoreaction is dark brown intracellular (cytoplasmic) precipitate for VEGF, or at the cell membrane for HER-2/neu and in the nucleus for ER and PR. The proportion of the staining was assessed by counting the percentage of positive cells in 100 malignant cells at objective 40 total magnifications, each sample was scanned for five fields randomly with a high power magnification (144). Qualitative assessment: Faint staining pattern, whether cytoplasmic, membranous or nuclear, that only could be detected by using higher magnification (objective 40), while strong staining pattern, easily seen by low magnification (objective 4).
a) VEGF Scoring System (Table 1)
b) HER-2/neu Scoring System (Table 2)
c) Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors Scoring System [20] :
A total score (TS) = Sum of Proportion Score (PS) and Intensity Score (IS). A positive result for both ER and PR is defined as TS ≥ 3 (Table 3, Table 4).
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Table 1. VEGF Scoring system [18] .
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Table 2. Herceptest Scoring system [19] .
HER-2/neu protein overexpression assessment includes [19] : Score 0 = negative; Score 1+ = negative; Score 2+ = equivocal (need FISH study); Score 3+ = positive.
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Table 3. ER and PR Proportion scoring system (PS).
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Table 4. ER and PR Intensity scoring system (IS).
2.5. Statistical Analysis
All biopsies were classified into three grades: Grade I, Grade II and Grade III, according to the modified Bloom Richardson Grading System [21] . Statistical analyses of all results were performed by the help of SPSS software statistical package (version 15) using Chi Square test, P value at level of significance <0.05 and correlation regression test (R at a significant level of 0.3).
3. Results
Forty four (84.62%) of the fifty two cases included in this study were of ductal carcinoma while 8 cases (15.38%) were of lobular type. The detection rate of VEGF, HER-2/neu, ER and PR were 59.62%, 36.96%, 34.62% and 36.54% respectively. The positivity of VEGF were 0% in normal breast tissue, 20% in the benign and 59.62% in the malignant tissues with a significant difference (P < 0.05) (Table 5) in immunoexpression as it also occur between ductal and lobular type carcinoma, but not significantly different among tumor grades, different tumor sizes, axillary lymph node involvement and age of the patients. However, VEGF was positively correlated with tumor grade (0% for grade I, 50% grade II, 65.79% grade III), tumor size if excluding in situ component, also with positive nodal involvement (Table 5), also with HER-2/neu (14 out of 17 HER2 positive cases were VEGF positive while 14 out of 29 HER2 negative cases were VEGF positive) (Table 6), but negatively correlated with ER and PR, as explained: (8 out of 18 ER positive cases were VEGF positive while 23 out of 34 ER negative cases were VEGF positive) (Table 7), (10 out of 19 PR positive cases were VEGF positive while 21 out of 33 PR negative cases were VEGF positive) without a significant difference (P > 0.05) and these show the most unfavorable biopathological profile.
4. Discussion
Breast cancer is a multifactorial disease, the genetic alterations lead to the transformation of normal cells into cancer cells. Human breast cancer is an angiogenesis-dependent tumor that initially depends on estrogens for development and progression [22] . The biology of breast carcinoma remains poorly understood as the knowledge about individual prognostic factors provides limited information [23] . Today, most pathologists considered IHC evaluation of ER/PR receptors as well as c-erbB-2, VEGF and Ki-67 proliferation indices as essential parameters in selecting the line of treatment of breast cancer patient in addition to the traditional tumor/no- dal/metastasis staging variables [24] . Thus, the current study represents a forward step toward understanding the possible role of VEGF during breast cancer development, invasion, and metastasis, moreover, determining ER, PR and HER-2/neu overexpression and their possible correlation to VEGF overexpression in different clinicopathological parameters of breast carcinoma in a series of Iraqi women to select the most appropriate treatment for each patient. The current study demonstrated that although completely absent expression from normal breast tissue and relatively little expression in benign breast lesions, conversely there was a significant overexpression of VEGF among the 52 investigated breast carcinoma (P value < 0.05). The results have clarified that 59.62% of breast cancer cases were expressing VEGF immunostaining in their histological sections (Table 5). Our results are near to those reported by other investigators [9] [11] [22] [25] [26] , without any significant difference between our results and these results (P > 0.05), while they are higher than those reported by some others [27] -[29] .
Immunoexpression of VEGF for ductal carcinomas was higher than that of infiltrating lobular carcinomas (65.91% versus 25%) with a significant difference (P < 0.05) (Table 5). Thus, supporting the view that such tumors represent a defined subtype of breast carcinoma. The current study revealed 100% of pure DCIS and DCIS with invasive component were VEGF positive. It looks that VEGF may play a role in cancer progression from CIS to invasive form, and may influence aggressiveness indirectly through its effect on angiogenesis, furthermore, it acts as an autocrine survival for the tumor cells themselves as documented by many researches [30] [31] . These results are supporting the hypothesis that VEGF plays important role in initiation and progression of ductal carcinomas. Although positive correlation with higher grades was detected, there is no significant difference among these grades (R > 0.3, P > 0.05). This fact has been documented by many investigators [9] [13] [32] -[34] .The unexpected findings may be due to disproportionate total number of cases in grade II and III (12 versus 38) which may interrupt the significant association (Table 5). Another explanation is that as the tumor advances, other biological changes may occur that reduce the requirement for continued VEGF signaling, these changes reflect the aggressive behavior of tumor and the reduced degree of tumor differentiation. It looks that
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Table 5. Relationship between VEGF immunoexpression and clinicopathological parameters of breast carcinoma.
the detection rate of VEGF is increasing as the size of tumor increased (R > 0.3) without a significant difference (P > 0.05) among different tumor sizes if in situ components were excluded from the data (Table 5).
Similar findings found by other researches [17] [18] , but many papers documented that there is a negative correlation between VEGF expression and size of tumor [26] [32] [35] [36] . This might be attributed to the effect of hypoxia, the most important stimulator of VEGF production, which becomes more profound as the size of the tumor increases. VEGF immunoexpression is higher in node positive breast cancer than in node negative without a significant difference between them (Table 5). This finding against what was suggested by one study in
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Table 6. Coexpression of VEGF and HER-2/neu in relation to their separate and neither expression in breast carcinoma.
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Table 7. Coexpression of VEGF and ER in relation to their separate and neither expression in breast carcinoma.
(2003) [26] , but agreed with what was reported by others [23] [33] [37] -[40] and this may be attributed to the aggressive behavior of node positive breast cancer. The results of this study revealed that there was no significant difference in VEGF immunoexpression among different age groups, this may be corresponding to the natural frequency of breast cancer. HER-2/neu positivity was documented in 14 (50%) out of 28 cases with positive VEGF immunoexpression, there is positive correlation with a significant difference (Table 6). This finding agreed with many studies [41] -[43] . ER positivity was seen in 8 (25.81%) out of 31 cases with positive VEGF immuno-expression, without a significant difference (Table 7). This finding agreed with many authors [10] [22] [29] [41] [42] [44] -[47] .
The above authors proposed several possible explanations, including limitation of tumor growth by vascular compression, interstitial pressure, and necrosis; a lack of specific receptors for soluble ER isoforms in this subgroup of high VEGF expressing tumors; overexpression of endo-genous angiogenic inhibitors; or the distortion of results due to relatively small number of patients in this subgroup which also may be a factor affecting the study results. VEGF expression may be regulated by estrogen and has been correlated with ER-negative status and associated with response to anti estrogen therapy. PR positivity was seen in 10 (32.26%) out of 31 cases with positive VEGF immunoexpression, without a significant difference. This finding agreed with some researches [41] [44] . The absence of such association is anticipated because breast cancers express numerous angiogenic factors that act in concert to generate the tumor vasculature as it is interacting with hormonal receptors. These differences may also reflect the effect of varying therapeutic regimens on the interaction with steroid receptors.
5. Conclusions
In conclusion, normal and benign breast tissues did not express a significant immunohistochemical level of VEGF. VEGF overexpression is a hallmark of bad prognosis as it was associated with worse biopathological parameters, such as tumor size. VEGF immunoexpression was positively correlated with HER-2/neu, while inversely correlated with ER and PR immunoexpression. Incorporation of these biomarkers with other factors into a prognostic index will more accurately predict clinical outcome and determine the effect of anti cancer therapy.
Large prospective clinical studies with a longer duration of follow-up and studying the survival rates will provide a better insight and validate our findings and are needed to better clarify the prognostic role of VEGF in breast cancer. Considering further studies including DNA/mRNA and protein levels by FISH or PCR techniques to confirm the molecular basis of these genes alteration and to reveal which members of the VEGF family might possibly be useful in identifying those patients who will benefit most from anti-VEGF strategies.
Competing Interests
The author declared that she had no competing interests.
List of Abbreviations
LSAB+: Labeled Streptavidin-biotin,
EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor,
ER: estrogen,
PR: progesterone,
IHC: immunohistochemistry,
DCIS: ductal carcinoma in situ.