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Diu, B. (2001) Quatre questions sur la thermodynamique. http://www.canal-u.tv/video/science_en_cours/quatre_questions_sur_la_thermodynamique_posees_a_bernard_diu.19
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ENS Cachan (1987) Gaz reels dilues, 140,141. http://www.physique.ens-cachan.fr/pagregp/enseignement/elec/corrigecompophy1987.pdf
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Rowlinson, J.S. (2009) James Joule, William Thomson and the Concept of a Perfect Gas. http://rsnr.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/64/1/43.full, extract: In 1845 Joule had tried to verify this assumption, which Thomson always called “Mayer’s hypothesis”, by expanding a cylinder of compressed gas into an empty cylinder but, as he later admitted, he failed because the heat capacity of his vessels was too large compared with that of the gas. We now know that for air at atmospheric pressure and temperature the difference between the two terms on the right of this equation is only about 3 parts per thousand of either of them.
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(1976) Detente, Larousse, http://www.larousse.fr/archives/grande-encyclopedie/page/4197 extract: The question arose whether the expansion of a gas in a vacuum, that is to say without external work, involving a change in temperature of the gas, assumed thermally insulated (expansion to constant internal energy); LJ Gay-Lussac then JP Joule have concluded in the negative, but their experiences were not very precise; GA Hirn (1865) brought to light a slight cooling.
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Dr. P. Puzo from Institut National de Physique Nucleaire (2012) Description des fluides reels, 127. https://users.lal.in2p3.fr/puzo/thermo/ch6_thermo.pdf
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(2009) Gas Expansion Temperature Drop. http://www.oilngasseparator.info/gas-production-facility/hydrates/gas- expansion-temperature-drop.html
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Rapin, P., Jacquard, P. and Desmons, J. (2011) Technologie des Installations Frigorifiques, Edition Dunod, 492. Extract: The obtained cooling [of air] is in the order of 0.25°C for a pressure drop of 1 bar.
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Queyrel, J.-L. and Mesplede, J. (1996) Precis de Physique No. 6: Thermodynamique Prepas, Edition Breal, 149.
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Trizac, E. (1999) Cours de Thermodynamique. http://www.lptms.u-psud.fr/membres/trizac/Ens/Livre_thermo.pdf
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Internal Energy, Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_energy
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Perez, J.-P. (2001) Detente de Joule et Gay-Lussac d’un gaz de Clausius. http://culturediff.pagesperso-orange.fr/jpp/ouvrage6/Thermo09-07.pdf
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Serres, M. and Farouki, N. (1997) Le Tresor-Dictionnaire des Sciences. Flammarion, 855.
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Gicquel, R., Mines de Paris Tech, Cycle de Carnot, p.4/9. http://direns.mines-paristech.fr/Sites/Thopt/fr/co/bases-thermodynamique.html
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Taillet, R., Universite de Savoie (2012) Cours de thermodynamique. http://podcast.grenet.fr/episode/cours-7-2/
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