Steffensen-Type Method of Super Third-Order Convergence for Solving Nonlinear Equations
Zhongli Liu, Hong Zhang
DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2014.27064   PDF    HTML   XML   5,122 Downloads   6,751 Views   Citations

Abstract

In this paper, a one-step Steffensen-type method with super-cubic convergence for solving nonlinear equations is suggested. The convergence order 3.383 is proved theoretically and demonstrated numerically. This super-cubic convergence is obtained by self-accelerating second-order Steffensen’s method twice with memory, but without any new function evaluations. The proposed method is very efficient and convenient, since it is still a derivative-free two-point method. Its theoretical results and high computational efficiency is confirmed by Numerical examples.

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Liu, Z. and Zhang, H. (2014) Steffensen-Type Method of Super Third-Order Convergence for Solving Nonlinear Equations. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 2, 581-586. doi: 10.4236/jamp.2014.27064.

1. Introduction

Finding the root of a nonlinear equation

(1)

is a classical problem. It is well-known in scientific computation that Newton’s method (NM, see [1] ):

(2)

is widely used for root-finding, where is an initial guess of the root. However, when the derivative is unavailable or is expensive to be obtained, the derivative-free method is necessary. If the derivative is replaced by the divided difference in (2), Steffensen’s method (SM, see [1] ) is obtained as follows:

(3)

NM/SM converges quadratically and requires two function evaluations per iteration. The efficiency index of them is.

Besides H.T. Kung and J.F. Traub conjectured that an iterative method based on evaluations per iteration without memory would arrive at the optimal convergence of order (see [2] ), Traub proposed a self-acce- lerating two-point method of order 2.414 with memory (see [3] ):

(4)

where, and or, etc.

A lot of self-accelerating Steffensen-type methods were derived in the literature (see [1] - [7] ). Steffensen-type methods and their applications in the solution of nonlinear systems and nonlinear differential equations were discussed in [1] [4] [5] [8] . Recently, by a new self-accelerating technique based on the second-order Newtonian

interpolatory polynomial, J. Džunića

and M.S. Petkovića proposed a cubically convergent Steffensen-like method (see [7] ):

(5)

In this study, a one-step Steffensen-type method is proposed by doubly-self-accelerating in Section 2, its super-cubic convergence is proved in Section 3, and numerical examples are demonstrated in Section 4.

2. The Method of Steffensen-Type

By the first-order Newtonian interpolatory polynomial and

,

we have

where

.

So, with some

(6)

should be better than to approximate.

Therefore, we suggest i.e., a two-parameter Steffensen’s method:

(7)

where, and are bounded constant sequences. The error equation of (7) is

. By defining and

recursively as the iteration proceeds without any new evaluation to

vanish the asymptotic convergence constant, we establish a self-accelerating Steffensen’s method with super quadratic convergence as follows:

(8)

Furthermore, we propose a one-step Steffensen-type method with super cubic convergence by doubly-self- accelerating as follows:

(9)

3. Its Super Third-order Convergence

Lemma 3.1 where and

Proof. By Taylor formula, we have

So,

Then, the proof can be completed.

Theorem 3.2 Let be a sufficiently differentiable function with simple root, be an open set, be close enough to, then (9) achieve the convergence of order 3.383.

Proof. If converges to with order as:

and if converges to with order as:

Then

By Taylor formula and Lemma 3.1, we also have

.

So, comparing the exponents of in expressions of and for (9), we obtain the same system of two equations:

From its non-trivial solution and, we prove that the convergence of (9) is of order 3.383.

As the efficiency index is, without any additional function evaluations, the efficiency indices of (4), (5)

and (9) are and respectively.

4. Numerical examples

Related one-step methods only using two function evaluations per iteration are showed in the following numeri- cal examples. The proposed method is a derivative-free two-point method with high computational efficiency.

Example 1. The numerical results of NM, SM, (4), (5) and (9) in Table 1 agree with the theoretical analysis. The computational order of convergence is defined by

Example 2. The numerical results of NM, SM, (4), (5) and (9) are in Table 2 for the following nonlinear functions:

Table 2. Numerical results for solving

5. Conclusion

By theoretical analysis and numerical experiments, we confirm that the proposed method which is a derivative- free two-point method has high computational efficiency. Its convergence order is 3.383 and its efficiency index is 1.839. We can see that the suggested method is suitable to solve nonlinear equations and can also be used for solving boundary-value problems of nonlinear ordinary differential equations.

NOTES

*Corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] Ortega, J.M. and Rheinboldt, W.G. (1970) Iterative Solution of Nonlinear Equations in Several Variables. Academic Press, New York.
[2] Kung, H.T. and Traub, J.F. (1974) Optimal Order of One-Point and Multipoint Iteration. Journal of the ACM, 21, 634-651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/321850.321860
[3] Traub, J.F. (1964) Iterative Methods for the Solution of Equations. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
[4] Zheng, Q., Wang, J., Zhao, P. and Zhang, L. (2009) A Steffensen-Like Method and Its Higher-Order Variants. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 214, 10-16.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2009.03.053
[5] Zheng, Q., Zhao, P., Zhang, L. and Ma, W. (2010) Variants of Steffensen-Secant Method and Applications. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 216, 3486-3496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2010.04.058
[6] Petkovic, M.S., Ilic, S. and Dzunic, J. (2010) Derivative Free Two-Point Methods with and without Memory for Solving Nonlinear Equations. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 217, 1887-1895.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2010.06.043
[7] Dzunic, J. and Petkovic, M.S. (2012) A Cubically Convergent Steffensen-Like Method for Solving Nonlinear Equations. Applied Mathematics Letters, 25, 1881-1886.
[8] Alarcón, V., Amat, S., Busquier, S. and López, D.J. (2008) A Steffensen’s Type Method in Banach Spaces with Applications on Boundary-Value Problems. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 216, 243-250.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2007.05.008

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