Incidence & Risk Factors Associated with Carotid Disease in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery ()
1. Introduction
Significant carotid artery stenosis (CAS) is an important incremental risk factor for the development of perioperative neurologic injury following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) [1] . Association of carotid disease with coronary artery disease has been confirmed in previous studies, but the true incidence in different patients population, especially in patients with high incidence of risk factors was not addressed in details. Carotid sonographic screening (duplex and color Doppler sonography) is readily performed before elective bypass surgery at many institutions to identify such patients, although the clinical approach taken after their identification remains in contention (initial endarterectomy, combined endarterectomy and bypass, close postbypass monitoring with later endarterectomy) [2] .
2. Methods and Materials
The study was a retrospective single institutional analysis between January 2006 and December 2008, 402 consecutive patients undergoing CABG surgery underwent bilateral Doppler carotid sonography examination preoperatively. Patients in cardiogenic shock who were taken to operating room emergently were excluded from this study. All patients were examined by duplex and color Doppler imaging of the common, internal, external carotid and vertebral arteries (CCA, ICA, ECA, and VA respectively) for any lesion with or without stenosis. The degree of stenosis was expressed as the percentage of luminal narrowing.
We studied the following risk factors; diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN), smoking, stroke, left main stem coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease (PVD), dyslipidemia (DLP), and aortic valve stenosis (AS) in association with coronaty artery disease. Statistical analysis performed using SPSS version 17. Multivariate regression and correlation statistical test were applied.
3. Results
Of 402 patients constituted our population during the period of the study, there were 304 males (76%) and 98 females (24%). Table 1 showed the frequency of patients by age. The majority of patients were below age of 65. Table 2 lists the risk factors in association with carotid disease. People who are aged 65 and above and dyslipidemia are significantly associated with carotid stenos is (P-value < 0.0001). We found carotid artery disease in 276 (69%) of patients population which range from atherosclerotic changes without stenosis to severe >75% stenosis (Table 3).
4. Discussion
Association of carotid disease with coronary artery disease has been confirmed in previous studies [3] -[8] , but the true incidence in different patient population, especially in patients with high incidence of risk factors was not addressed in details. To date, no selection criteria have been definitively proposed to identify patients for carotid sonographic screening before elective CABGS [2] and some authors concluded that the risk of postoperative stroke in a patient with no history of any form of cerebral ischemia is low [4] [5] [8] -[11] but in our study we found it worth to screen all patients undergoing CABG surgery.
In this study we found the prevalence of carotid disease is high (69%) and significant stenosis is 24% in patient undergoing CABG surgery which increase the risk of neurological injury [1] . This is consistent with previous studies which have reported a prevalence of 1.7% - 22% in CABG patients depending on definitions of “significant” stenosis, methods of screening, and population demographics [8] [12] [13] . D’Agostino et al. [4] and Durand et al. [8] identified an age > 65 years, PVD, prior CVA, left main coronary disease of >50%, female
Table 1 . Frequency of patients by age.
Table 2. Risk factors associated with carotid artery disease.
DM: Diabetes mellitus; HTN: Hypertension; DLP: Dyslipidemia; LMS: Left main stem disease; TIA: Transient ischemic attack; CVA: Cerebrovascular accident; PVD: Peripheral vascular disease; AS: Aortic stenosis.
Table 3. Incidence of carotid artery disease in patients underwent CABG surgery.
gender, and hypertension as risk factors for significant carotid stenosis.
In our study, we compared the incidence of carotid disease against known risk factors, that is, DM, HTN, DLP, Smoking, LMS, TIA/CVA, calcified aorta, PVD, AS and advanced age. With the use of logistic regression analysis according to a correlation statistical test we found that increasing age and DLP are significantly associated with carotid stenosis (p-values < 0.0001). However, gender, DM, HTN, smoking, LMS, TIA/CVA, calcified aorta, PVD and AS did not show correlation with carotid stenosis. Our study agreed with the study by Siminelakis et al. [14] which revealed that, Female gender is not a predictive factor for carotid stenosis in CABG patients; however, women undergoing CABG are at greater risk for major complications than men because of the comorbid conditions that are associated with the later age at which women present for coronary surgery and not because of gender. The high incidence of multiple risk factors in our patients undergoing CABG surgery with increased incidence of carotid disease, will put them in high risk of perioperative mortality and morbidity including Stroke which is a devastating complication after cardiac surgery.
5. Conclusion
Preoperative diagnosis of carotid disease is very important in reducing the risk of perioperative stroke after cardiac surgery. Carotid duplex screening is a non-invasive cost effective method for preoperative screening.
NOTES
*Corresponding author.