Privacy of Wearable Electronics in the Healthcare and Childcare Sectors: A Survey of Personal Perspectives from Finland and the United Kingdom

Abstract

The innovative development of Wearable Electronics (WE) is creating exciting opportunities for application across many industries. Two sectors with high potential are healthcare and childcare. However, it is in these two sectors where the challenges of privacy are presumed to be of the highest. In order to ascertain the personal views of people about potential privacy problems in WE application in these two sectors, interviews with questionnaires were conducted in two different countries: Finland and the United Kingdom (UK). The results indicated that the majority of people in both countries are positive about the use of WE in healthcare and childcare environments. However, when more information is added to be read wirelessly, the attitudes become more negative. In general, the application of WE is more favorable in the UK and the reason as to the difference will make for interesting further research. Several interesting viewpoints and concerns were presented in the interviews. It can be concluded that the implementation of WE in these two sectors will require the collaboration of work on several areas and the development of versatile user studies.

Share and Cite:

Virkki, J. and Aggarwal, R. (2014) Privacy of Wearable Electronics in the Healthcare and Childcare Sectors: A Survey of Personal Perspectives from Finland and the United Kingdom. Journal of Information Security, 5, 46-55. doi: 10.4236/jis.2014.52005.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] Alemdar, H. and Ersoy, C. (2010) Wireless Sensor Networks for Healthcare: A Survey. Computer Networks, 54, 2688-2710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2010.05.003
[2] Niewolny, D. (2013) How the Internet of Things Is Revolutionizing Healthcare. Freescale Whitepaper.
http://cache.freescale.com/files/corporate/doc/white_paper/IOTREVHEALCARWP.pdf
[3] Swan, M. (2012) Sensor Mania! The Internet of Things, Wearable Computing, Objective Metrics, and the Quantified Self 2.0. Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, 3, 217-253.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan1030217
[4] Bonfiglio, A. and De Rossi, D. (2011) Wearable Monitoring Systems. Springer, New York.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7384-9
[5] Scarpello, M.L., Kazani, I., Hertleer, C., Rogier, H. and Ginste, D.V. (2012) Stability and Efficiency of Screen-Printed Wearable and Washable Antennas. IEEE Antennas Wireless Propagaton Letters, 11, 838-841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2012.2207941
[6] Kellomäki, T., Virkki, J., Merilampi, S. and Ukkonen, L. (2012) Towards Washable Wearable Antennas: A Comparison of Coating Materials for Screen-Printed Textile-Based UHF RFID Tags. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2012, Article ID 476570.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/476570
[7] Kim, G., Lee, J., Lee, K.H., Chung, Y.C., Yeo, J., Moon, B-H., Yang, J. and Kim, H.C. (2008) Design of a UHF RFID Fiber Tag Antenna with Electric-Thread Using a Sewing Machine. Microwave Conference, Macau, 16-20 December 2008, 4 p.
[8] Roh, J.S., Chi, Y.S., Lee, J.H., Tak, Y., Nam, S. and Kang, T.J. (2010) Embroidered Wearable Multiresonant Folded Dipole Antenna for FM Reception. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 9, 803-806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2010.2064281
[9] Koski, K., Koski, E., Björninen, T., Babar, A.A., Ukkonen, L., Sydänheimo, L. and Rahmat-Samii, Y. (2012) Practical Read Range Evaluation of Wearable Embroidered UHF RFID Tag. Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Chicago, 8-14 July 2012, 2 p.
[10] Vallozzi, L., Rogier, H. and Hertleer, C. (2008) Dual Polarized Textile Patch Antenna for Integration into Protective Garments. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 7, 440-443.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2008.2000546
[11] Zhu, S. and Langley, R. (2009) Dual-Band Wearable Textile Antenna on an EBG Substrate. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 57, 926-935.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2009.2014527
[12] Matthews, J.C.G. and Pettitt, G. (2009) Development of Flexible, Wearable Antennas. European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, Berlin, 23-27 March 2009, 273-277.
[13] Maleszka, T., Preisner, M. and Kabacik, P. (2009) Meshed Ground Plane Structures for Textile Antennas. European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, Berlin, 23-27 March 2009, 713-717.
[14] Yoo, H.-J. (2013) Your Heart on Your Sleeve: Advances in Textile-Based Electronics Are Weaving Computers Right into the Clothes We Wear. IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine, 5, 59-70.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MSSC.2012.2232781
[15] Tao, X. (2005) Wearable Electronics and Photonics. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
[16] Ko, F.K., Aufy, A. and Lam, H. (2005) Electrostatically Generated Nanofibres for Wearable Electronics. Wearable Electronics and Photonics, Woodhead Publishing.
[17] Fosso Wamba, S., Anand, A. and Carter, L. (2013) A Literature Review of RFID-Enabled Healthcare Applications and Issues. International Journal of Information Management, 33, 875-891.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2013.07.005
[18] Wang, S.-W., Chen, W.-H., Ong, C.-S., Liu, L. and Chuang, Y.-W. (2006) RFID Application in Hospitals: A Case Study on a Demonstration RFID Project in a Taiwan Hospital. International Conference on System Sciences, 4-7 January 2006, 10 p.
[19] Hsiao, C.C., Sung, Y-J., Lau, S.-J., Chen, C.-H., Hsiao, F.-H., Chu, H.-H. and Huang, P. (2011) Towards Long-Term Mobility Tracking in NTU Hospital’s Elder Care Center. IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops, Seattle, 21-25 March 2011, 649-654.
[20] Iadanza, E. and Dori, F. (2009) Custom Active RFID Solution for Children Tracking and Identifying in a Resuscitation Ward. IEEE International Conference, Engineering in Medicine and Biology, Minneapolis, 3-6 September 2009, 5223-5236.
[21] Occhiuzzi, C., Cippitelli, S. and Marrocco, G. (2010) Modeling, Design and Experimentation of Wearable RFID Sensor Tag. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 58, 2490-2498.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2010.2050435
[22] Yang, L., Vyas, R., Rida, A., Pan, J. and Tentzeris, M.M. (2008) Wearable RFID-Enabled Sensor Nodes for Biomedical Applications. Electronic Components and Technology Conference, Lake Buena Vista, 27-30 May 2008, 2156-2159.
[23] Safavi, A.A., Keshavarz-Haddad, A., Khoubani, S., Mosharraf-Dehkordi, S., Dehghani-Pilehvarani, A. and Tabei, F.S. (2010) A Remote Elderly Monitoring System with Localizing Based on Wireless Sensor Network. International Conference on Computer Design and Applications, Qinhuangdao, 25-27 June 2010, V2-553-V2-557.
[24] Jung, K.K., Son, D.S. and Eom, K.H. (2009) RFID Footwear and Floor System. World Congress on Computer Science and Information Engineering, 3, 72-75.
[25] Chen, Y.-C. and Lin, Y.-W. (2010) Indoor RFID Gait Monitoring System for Fall Detection. International Symposium on Aware Computing, Tainan, 1-4 November 2010, 207-212.
[26] Pang, Z., Chen, Q., Zheng, L. and Dubrova, E. (2013) An In-Home Medication Management Solution Based on Intelligent Packaging and Ubiquitous Sensing. International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology, Pyeong Chang, 27-30 January 2013, 545-550.
[27] Rotariu, C. and Manta, V. (2012) Wireless System for Remote Monitoring of Oxygen Saturation and Heart Rate. Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems, Wroclaw, 9-12 September 2012, 193-196.
[28] Vijayalakshmi, B. and Ram Kumar, C. (2012) Patient Monitoring System Using Wireless Sensor Based Mesh Network. International Conference on Computing Communication & Networking Technologies, Coimbatore, 26-28 July 2012, 1-6.
[29] Haahr, R.G., Duun, S., Thomsen, E.V., Hoppe, K. and Branebjerg, J. (2008) A Wearable “Electronic Patch” for Wireless Continuous Monitoring of Chronically Diseased Patients. International Summer School and Symposium on Medical Devices and Biosensors, Hong Kong, 1-3 June 2008, 66-70.
[30] Kellomäki, T., Whittow, W.G., Heikkinen, J. and Kettunen, L. (2009) 2.4 GHz Plaster Antennas for Health Monitoring. European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, Berlin, 23-27 March 2009, 211-215.
[31] Fang, Z., Wei, L., Chen, W. and He, Y. (2012) A RFID-Based Kindergarten Intelligence Security System. IEEE International Conference on E-Business Engineering, Hangzhou, 9-11 September 2012, 321-326.
[32] Krsmanovic, M., Muric, G. and Gospic, N. (2011) Improvement of Children Safety by Using RFID Based Service. Telecommunications Forum, Belgrade, 22-24 November 2011, 130-133.
[33] Lin, C.J., Lee, T.L., Syu, S.L. and Chen, B.W. (2010) Application of Intelligent Agent and RFID Technology for Indoor Position: Safety of Kindergarten as Example. International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, 5, 2571-2576.
[34] Feng, H.L. and Fu, W.X. (2010) Study of Recent Development about Privacy and Security of the Internet of Things. International Conference on Web Information Systems and Mining, 2, 91-95.
[35] Kurkovsky, S., Syta, E. and Casano, B. (2011) Continuous RFID-Enabled Authentication: Privacy Implications. IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, 30, 34-41.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2011.942306
[36] Song, W.J., Son, S.H., Choi, M. and Kang, M. (2006) Privacy and Security Control Architecture for Ubiquitous RFID Healthcare System in Wireless Sensor Networks. International Conference on Consumer Electronics, 7-11 January 2006, 239-240.
[37] Choi, S.S., Choi, M.K., Song, W.J. and Son, S.H. (2005) Ubiquitous RFID Healthcare Systems Analysis on PhysioNet Grid Portal Services Using Petri Nets. International Conference on Information, Communications and Signal Processing, Bangkok, 2005, 1254-1258.
[38] Anderson, G. and Lee, G. (2008) Why Consumers (Don’t) Adopt Smart WE. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 7, 10-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MPRV.2008.64
[39] Choe, E.K., Consolvo, S., Jung, J., Harrison, B. and Kientz, J.A. (2011) Living in a Glass House: A Survey of Private Moments in the Home. International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing, Beijing, 17-21 September 2011, 41-44.
[40] Boise, L., Wild, K., Mattek, N., Ruhl, M., Dodge, H.H. and Kaye, J. (2013) Willingness of Older Adults to Share Data and Privacy Concerns after Exposure to Unobtrusive In-Home Monitoring. Gerontechnology, 11, 428-435. http://dx.doi.org/10.4017/gt.2013.11.3.001.00
[41] Steele, R., Lo, A., Secombe, C. and Wong, Y.K. (2009) Elderly Persons’ Perception and Acceptance of Using Wireless Sensor Networks to Assist Healthcare. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 78, 788-801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2009.08.001
[42] Mann, W.C., Marchant, T., Tomita, M., Fraas, L. and Stanton, K. (2002) Elder Acceptance of Health Monitoring Devices in the Home. Care Management Journals, 3, 91-98.
[43] Virkki, J. and Raumonen, P. (2013) Perspectives for Wearable Electronics in Healthcare and Childcare. E-Health Telecommunication Systems and Networks, 2, 58-63.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/etsn.2013.23008
[44] Virkki, J. and Chen, L. (2013) Personal Perspectives: Individual Privacy in the IOT. Advances in Internet of Things, 3, 21-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ait.2013.32003
[45] Orwat, C., Graefe, A. and Faulwasser, T. (2008) Towards Pervasive Computing in Health Care—A Literature Review. BMC Medical Informatics & Decision Making, 8, 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6947-8-26

Copyright © 2023 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.