Petrography and Mineral Chemistry of the Almanden Garnet, and Implication for Kelyphite Texture in the Miocene Alkaline Basaltic Rocks North East Jordan ()
Mineralogy of the xenoliths garnet is associated with and combination of a few minerals with pyroxene (clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene), olivine and spinal in the mantle at high pressure and temperature [11]. These minerals are different modal and chemical variation with major constituents, pyroxenite (clinopyroxene + orthopyroxene ± garnet), eclogite (garnet + clinopyroxene), iherzolite (olivine + clinopyroxene + orthopyroxene ± garnet), harzburgite (olivine + orthopyroxene) and spinal lherzolite (olivine, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, spinal and phologopite) [12-14]. Rocks exit in mantle with ultramafic bodies being fragmented and transported to the earth surface as xenoliths by volcanic activity. Xenoliths provide invaluable insights to temperature, pressure, crystallization, fractionation, exsolution, phase changes and partial melting in the upper mantle [15-17].
The mantle xenoliths are variable amounts of ultramafic xenoliths and xenocrysts; these xenoliths are inclusions in mafic to ultramafic or metamorphic rocks, such as garnet and clinopyroxene, which are formed at high pressure and temperature [16,18,19]. In Jordan, Garnet occurs mainly in Wadi Abu Burqa metasediments (garnet schist) in Pre Cambrian Aqaba and Araba Complexes [20,21], and occurs as a rare crustal xenolith within the volcanic rocks in the North East Jordan (Harrat Al-Shaam) area. Many authors have documented and discovered the ultramafic xenoliths in jabal Aritain north east Jordan, and report the composition of the basaltic xenoliths includes (garnet, plagioclase, olivine, cpx, opx and spinal) respectively [22-26]. Three types of mineral xenoliths were investigated in garnet, pyroxene and olivine at Tlul Esh Shahba area [27]. Spinal lherzolite xenoliths were reported in jabal Al-Harida [14].
The xenoliths are documented belonging to the Cenozoic continental basaltic rocks (Miocene to Holocene-Pleistocene age), in North East Jordan which is the northern extension of the North Arabian Volcanic Province. The Azraq-Sirhan Graben that is parallel to the axis of the Red Sea and truncated at the Dead Sea Transform Fault (DTF) [21,28] underlies the province. The xenoliths in basaltic rocks distinguished in the study area (Tulayl AlHasna), with coarse grained, equigranular fragmental, composite of garnet, pyroxene, olivine and plagioclase.
Almandine garnet occurs in Cenozoic alkali volcanic rocks at Harrat Ash Shaam area and relatively common in study area Tulayl Al-Hasna (TAH) northeast Jordan (Figure 1). The geodynamic setting of the garnet and relation between volcanism and tectonic events in this region have been explained in this study. The aims of this work are to: 1) Explain the bearing garnet in the study area, 2) Describe the occurrence of the garnet and associated minerals in the formation of the basaltic volcanoes, 3) Shed light on the mineralogy, petrography and minerals chemistry of the xenoliths, 4) Implicate the
Figure 1. Location map shows the study area, and Harrat Ash Shaam Basalt Plateau through within Jordan, (after NRA, 2006 Jordan).
kelyphite texture growth with the garnet minerals in the alkaline volcanic rocks at Tulayl Al Hasna northeast Jordan.
2. Geological Setting
The volcanism in Jordan occurs as sporadic volcanic centers (vents) along the eastern side of the Dead Sea Plate boundary and extensive interpolate volcanic field to the north east of Jordan [21]. The volcanism is associated with continental rifting and inception of the Dead Sea boundary, and associated between magmatism and tectonic activities, that have produced melt generation into fissure system [29]. The volcanic in Jordan investigated by [30], and reported similar to alkaline Arabia interpolates volcanic fields, erupted within the main fissure systems. The fissures trend to east-west, along the eastern margin of the Dead Sea Rift, on the large basaltic plateau, fissures trend NW-SE direction [31]. The volcanism started probably during the middle to late Miocene and recent (13 - 8 Ma) [29,32-36]. The volcanism field extends from Syria through Jordan and into Saudi Arabia (Harrat Al-Shaam) more than 46,000 km2 which covers 11,400 km2 in Jordan (Figure 1) [37]. The volcanic field comprises a series of horizontal lava flows, numerous scoria cones, extensional faults and large fissure eruptions from dykes and numerous vents along the basaltic plateau of northeast Jordan [31]. The study area cover a part of volcanic vent, location (32˚20'582''N - 32˚20'586''N and 37˚30'553''E - 37˚30'560''E) in the northeast Jordan (Figure 2).
The basaltic province cover the north east Jordan was subdivided into five super-groups; Wisad, Safawi, Asfar, Rimah and Bishriyya [38-42]. The Safawi group is Oligocene to Miocene in age, represented by flood lava at Ali Doloritic Trachytic basalt (AL) Formation and Abed Olivine Phyric Basalt (AOB) associated with dykes [31].
Asfar group is late Miocene to Pliocene, comprises two volcanic Formations, Ufayhim Xenolithic Basalt (UM) and Hashmiyya Aphanitic Basalt (HAB). Rimah group is Holocene-Pleistocene in age, it subdivided into two volcanic formations, Hassan Scoriaceous (HN) and Aritayn Volcanic clastic (AT) (Figure 2). The lithological description of the formation cover the study area are shown in (Table 1).
3. Analytical Techniques
Nine xenoliths fragmental rocks and xenocryst minerals were collected from the study area. Five xenocryst of the garnet minerals (G2, G4, G5, G7 and G9), four samples for xenolith of pyroxene minerals (G1, G3, G6 and G8), and six rock samples of the different formation from Tulaylat al Hasna (TAH) area. Bulk samples of the xenolith were analyzed by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) using a Phil-
Table 1. Lithological description of the formation caver the study area.
Figure 2. Geological map of the study area.
lips difractometer with Cu Kα radiation in the range from 3˚ to 90˚ 2θ at Al al-Bayt University. The analyses used to assist in the identification of the mineral present in the xenoliths and to augment the petrographic analyses. Five samples (G1 - G5) examined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)-FEI, Model:Quanta-600. SEM was used to identified the microstructure and investigate the nature of minerals microxture relationship. The chemical analyses of major elements of the samples were determined on fused glass discs-like pellet (bead), using a Phillips X-Ray Florescence Spectrometry (XRF) Majex PW-2424 Model at Al al-Bayt University. Added 2 gm powder samples, mixed with 8 gm lithium tetra borate, and fused in platinum crucibles over gas burners (1000˚C) for one hour. Melts poured into a mold creating glass disks. The Loss On Ignition (LOI) was determined by weight lost after melting at 1000˚C. Thin sections were prepared at the University of Jordan and examined under Binocular Stereomicroscope and polarizer microscopes at petrography unit, Natural Resources Authority (NRA).
The chemical analyses of garnet and pyroxene calculated in mole percent employed by [43,44] formulation. The analyses for garnet include mole percent of grossular (Gross, Ca3Al2Si3O12), pyrope (Pyr, Mg3Al2Si3O12) and almandine (Alm, Fe3Al2Si3O12):
,
and
.
The calculation of pyroxene in mole percent of wollastonite (Wo, CaSiO3), Enstatite (En, MgSiO3), and Ferrosilite (Fs, FeSiO3);
,
and
.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Petrography
The main mineral composition of the xenoliths Tulayl Al-Hasna olivine, orthpyroxene (opx) clinopyroxene (cpx), plagioclase, garnet and spinel, coarse grained, with equigranular and range from 1.5 × 2 × 2 cm in size (Figure 3). Hand specimens, garnet xenolith minerals (G2, G4, G5, G7 and G9) are sub hedrall to irregular in shape with average one to two centimeters in diameter (Figures 3(a) and (b)), dark brown to red color and highly fractures. Pyroxene diameter range between 0.5 to 1.5 cm in size, gray to dark green in color (G2, G6) (Figure 3(e)). Olivine are granular shape, average 3 - 4 mm in size with pale green to dark green and pale yellowish to honey in
color (G3, G8) (Figures 3(c), (d) and (f)).
In thin section, the texture of host rocks for Ufayhim Xenolithic Basalt (UM) formation shows unhedral garnet is variable Porphyritic with medium grained. Plagioclase is the most common phenocryst coexisting with garnet. Corona texture is present, pyroxene surrounded to garnet crystal (Figure 4). These textures formed in reaction between garnet and pyroxene [45]. Other type of corona texture are mad in orthopyroxene surrounded to the garnet crystal (Figure 5), this texture refer to second type of kelyphites texture (radial around garnet). The garnet crystal shows medium grain size, highly fracture, colorless to light color with PPL and dark color with XPL expect light to gray color of fracture, because filling with other minerals mostly pyroxene (Figures 6(a) and (b)). Almandine garnet in (Figure 6(a)), 1 - 3 mm in size, and occurs a phenocryst in plagioclase. The garnet crystals are euhedral to subhedral and they are slightly rounded, mostly garnet highly fractured, produced veins microstructure filling, and intergrowth with pyroxene (opx). The reaction along grained boundaries of garnet is reflected into the presence of kelyphite like rims; kelyphite more investigated in the Scanning Electron Microscope Photomicrograph.
(a)
(b)
Figure 4. Photomicrograph showing: (a) Plagioclase and garnet crystals having a light colored, pyroxene surrounded to garnet (magnification 10×, PPL); (b) Plagioclase gray color first order and, garnet mineral dark color, corona texture shows pyroxene (opx) surrounded to garnet crystal (magnification 10×, XPL, field view × 10 = 1.8 mm, sample No. G4).
(a)
(b)
Figure 5. Photomicrograph showing garnet minerals with highly fractured, and pyroxene (Orthopyroxene) surrounding to garnet mineral form to corona texture, it is refer to second type of kelyphite texture (radial around garnet) (Magnification 4×, PPL and XPL, field view × 4 = 4.4 mm, sample No. G5).
(a)
(b)
Figure 6. Photomicrographs showing: (a) Garnet minerals with highly fractured, pyroxene (opx) surrounding to garnet mineral form to corona texture, (Magnification 10×, PPL, field view × 10 = 1.8 mm); (b) Garnet dark color, pyroxene filling the fracture (Magnification 4×, XPL, field view × 4 = 4.4 mm), sample No. G7, Ufayhim Formation.
4.2. Mineralogy
4.2.1. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
Minerals identified by XRD include opx (enstatite and donpeacorite), cpx (omphacite and Aegerine), Garnet (pyrope, Almandine and majorite), olivine (Forsterite and ringwoodite), magnetite and periclase. The result shows in (Table 2) and (Figure 7). The samples G1, G3, G6 and G8 are composed of pyroxene and olivine minerals, Ensitite (Mg2Si2O6), omphacite (Ca, Na) (Fe, Mg, Al) (Si, Al)2O6, aegerine Na(Al, Fe3+)Si2O6 and forsterite (Mg2SiO4). Samples G2, G4, G5, G7 and G9 are composed of pyralspite series of garnet minerals include: pyrope (Mg3Al2Si3O12), almandine (Fe, Mn) Al2(SiO4)3, Majorite (Mg3(Fe, Al, Si)2(SiO4)3, Donpeacorite (Mg, Mn) MgSi2O6 and Ringwoodite (Mg2SiO4). All these minerals reflect to form high pressure and temperature for the upper mantle in the earth depth. Almandine garnet occurs in alkaline volcanic rocks. It has may be due to the restricted condition under high-pressure garnet form, and particular geodynamic setting (tensional stress field) rapid ascent of garnet bearing melts [1,46,47]. Ringwoodite and majorite minerals are believed to be an abundant mineral in the lower transition zone and uppermost lower mantle of the Earth [48].
4.2.2. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Intact samples were chosen for Scanning Electron Microscopic study to characterize the shape (morphology) of the garnet minerals. The electron micrographs show that the garnet minerals present seen as unhedral crystals in (Figure 8). The photomicrograph shows an important texture and structural features of the garnet represented for kelyphite texture. Petrographical, kelyphite texture is referred to fine grained minerals with fibrous intergrowths of multiple or single phases, such as pyroxene amphibole to form a rim (corona) surrounding garnet [49, 50]. Two types of kelyphite texture observed, first fibrous and second radial structure, the difference between the two types is due to mineralogical composition. The first type of kelyphite surrounded by a thin rim of pyroxenite mostly opx, and separating in the internal to fine grained to form fibrous structure (Figure 9). Preliminary analysis using Electron Back-Scattered Diffraction (EBSD) shows that nodular spinels adjacent fibrous texture; share the same crystallographic orientation (Figure 9(c)). The second type radial structure by pyroxene (opx), shows undulose extinction and low angle tilt boundaries (Figure 5) [49]. In cross-polarized light extinction, angle and interference colors may also changes slightly abruptly.
The two types of kelyphite are radial in a gross scale around garnet. Some features of structural irregularity or internal in coherency occurs, the best visible in transmitted microscope (Figures 5 and 6), and they are highly degree magnification morphology crystals by using Scanning Electron Microscope (Figures 8-11); kelyphite texture shows several lines of internal structure. In cross-polarized light extinction and interference, colors may also change slightly but abruptly (Figure 6). The electron micrograph image, garnet boundary has a curvature, which is often the case, fibers and radial structure, with pyroxene (opx) composition (Figures 5 and 9).
The first type of kelyphite (fibers) consists of a large crystal of opx, which contain several small irregularly shaped patches of clinopyroxene (cpx) (Figure 10). Both opx and cpx contain regularly numerous thin vermicular lamella of pyroxene and spinal (Figure 10(b)), opx do
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Figure 7. Mineralogical composition of the samples (G1 - G5) for XRD analysis, (En=Enstatite, Ae=Aegerine, O = Omphacite, Mj = Majorite, Alm = Almandine, Fo = Forsterite, Py = Pyrope, Pe = Periclase, Do = Donpeacorite, and Ri = Ringwoodite).
Figure 8. Electron micrograph images showing unhedral crystals of garnet with highly fracture, and pyroxene surrounding the garnet crystal (Sample No. G4).
Table 2. Qualitative mineralogical composition of samples by (XRD).
Note: En = Enstatite, Py = Pyrope, Alm = Almandine, O = Omphacite, Ae = Aegerine, Ma = Magnetite, Mj = Majorite, Pe = Periclase, Pe = Periclase, Do = Donpeacorite, Ri = Ringwoodite, Key: Based on Relative XRD high peak Data. Major: +++, Minor: ++, Trace: +
main structure in the polarize light (Figures 5 and 6) but the opx is only confirmed to aid of SEM image (Figure 11). Opx domain has its internal structure of lineation as defined by the opx lamellae, and spinel shows curved lamellae (Figure 11). Spinel lamellas are not necessarily straight but locally may show curved and some time convoluted structure.
The second type of kelyphite (radial), plagioclase is the matrix phase. The plagioclase contains many thin with densely spaced lamellas (Figure 11), or strings of opx lineation resulting in recognizable radial and fibrous structure (Figures 5 and 9). Opx lamellae locally grow to large patches, which contain very fine scaled vermicular intergrowths of spinel. The opx patches tend to get larger spinel occurs only in large opx patches or thick lamellae and not in the plagioclase matrix has been noted [51,52].
4.3. Minerals Chemistry
The volcanic xenolith samples are a wide range of silica contents (37.34 - 47.86 wt%) and considered by [53] in subalkaline basalt; compared with [29] classified the volcanic rocks in Harrat Ash Shaam as alkaline basalt to basanites. The chemical analysis of the samples (xenolith garnet and pyroxene) at TAH volcanic rocks shown in (Table 3).
4.3.1. Garnet
On the basis for the major elements of MgO, Fe2O3 and CaO content, five samples of the garnet were analyses, MgO (14.21 wt% - 17.44 wt%), Fe2O3 (11.26 wt% - 16.45 wt%), and CaO (4.56 wt% - 5.45 wt%). The variation of the chemical composition of the garnet have distinguished to be the garnet type, illustrated in the Ca
(Grossular)-Mg (Pyrope)-Fe (Almandine) diagram (Figure 12). The average composition of garnet (Alm 42.78, Pyro 41.04, Gross 16.18) shown in (Table 3).
The garnet sample in TAH shows the highest percent almandine (G2, 48.00 mol%) and pyrope (G4, 45.16 mol%) component, referred to the Fe2O3 and MgO content values, and it has revealed particularly at high and low almandine and pyrope content, compared to [54] measured Fe2O3 content of garnet by [55] in Hungarian volcanic rocks, whereas the sample lower Fe2O3 content low almandine component [1]. The garnet study shows Fe - Mg abundance, compared to Ca grossular content. According [1] volcanic rocks have relatively high grossular (Gross > 6 mol%) and the garnet rich in Ca (Gross 10 - 18 mol%), the garnet study in TAH have grossular within the range (14.61 mol% - 17 mol%).
The interrelationship of Na2O, TiO2 and P2O5 in garnet have been explored by many authors [44,56-60] all attempt in these researches were to identify the substitution of elements Na, Ti and P in the upper mantle garnets.
(a)
(b)
Figure 10. Electron micrograph images showing kelyphite Type 1, (b) is the enlargement of the framed area in (a), showing vermicular intergrowths of opx, cpx and sp, light gray patches cpx, dark gray opx, dark gray strings are spinel (sp), circles mark convoluted spinel lamellae, spinel nodules shows within vermiculate.
Figure 11. Electron micrograph image showing kelyphite Type 2, white gray lamellae, opx, dark gray background, pl, showing vermicular intergrowths of opx, cpx and sp, light gray lamella opx, dark lamella pl, dark gray strings are spinel, circles mark convoluted spinel lamellae, spinel nodules shows within vermiculate.
The Na2O concentrations (0.053 - 0.344 wt%) in TAH garnet are smellier to the garnet for peridotite and eclogite garnet [43,57-59,61]. The TiO2 (0.48 - 0.97 wt%) in the garnet TAH have agreement for the range recorded in Udachnaya (Russia) eclogit garnet [15] and high percent compared with Koidu garnet [44]. The P2O5 in the TAH garnet range (0.023 - 0.039 wt%), phosphorous rich in sample G4 and G5 (0.039 wt%, 0.038 wt%), these indication for CIPW norm calculation that are apatite normative.
The correlation between wt% Na2O and TiO2 of TAH garnet is positive, with low wt% MgO (Figure 13). Strong positive correlation in a plot of weight percent Na2O versus wt% (TiO2 + P2O5) in (Figure 13(c)), this indication that Na in garnet may indeed to be explained by coupled substitution with Ti and P in garnet [44,58]. According [44], the abundance of Na, Ti and P in mantle garnet confirms that substitution of these elements in garnet structure at high pressure, and that garnet storage for Na, Ti and P in upper mantle rocks.
The CIPW norm calculation of garnet TAH show plagioclase, corundum, Hypersthen, and hematite, and low percent of quartz (Table 3).
Table 3. Chemical composition of the samples wt%, calculation formula mol% components and wt% normative.
Qz: Quartz, Pl: Plagioclase, Or: Orthoclase, Di: Diopside, Hy: Hypersthen, Ol: Olivine, Il: Limonite, He: Hematite, Ap: apatite, Zr: Zirecon, Sph: Sphene, Co: Corundum.
4.3.2. Pyroxene
The chemical analyses of the pyroxene samples, show the variation composition of CaO, MgO and F2O3, and a wide range of CaO, (2.21 - 10.94 wt%) and MgO (19.97 - 41.12 wt%), but Fe2O3 (8.04 - 8.82 wt%) has low range. These don’t differ significantly of the average composition of pyroxene (Wo 16.90, Fs 20.37, En 62.73) from the primary pyroxenes Ca, Mg, Fe component, (Figure
(a)
(b)
Figure 12. (a) Variation of chemical composition of the garnet and pyroxene in the Ca-Mg-Fe diagram; (b) Average composition of the garnet type from TAH, plotted as mole percent. Grossular-pyrope-almandine, plotted are the fields of high and low MgO TAH garnet.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 13. (a) Plots of wt% (TiO2 versus Na2O); (b) wt% (TiO2 + P2O5) versus MgO; (c) wt% (TiO2 + P2O5) versus Na2O for TAH garnet samples.
14). The CIPW norm calculation indicates that diopside (CaMgSi2O6) and hypersthenes (MgFeSi2O6) normative identifies in pyroxene, this due to the partial melting of pyroxene to distinctly diopside [44].
4.3.3. Plagioclase
Plagioclase is the most common mineral in the garnet bearing volcanic rocks of the TAH area, occurring as a phenocryst intergrowth with garnet (Figures 4 and 6). Plagioclase inclusion in garnet samples has distinctive lamellae for kelyphite (Figures 10 and 11). Chemically, CIPW norm calculation of plagioclase, identify to anorthite (29.30 wt% norm), and albite (3.0 wt% norm), more content calcic than sodic plagioclase, and low amount of orthoclase.
5. Origin of Basaltic Garnet Xenoliths
The basaltic xenoliths transported to the surface in alkali to subalkali basalt, are documents into the information
Figure 14. Pyroxene (xenocryst) compositions from TAH, asmole percent Wollastonite-Enstatite-Ferrosilite.
composition and evolution of the lithospheric mantle. Mafic to ultramafic composition xenoliths from continental areas are reported by [25], and he suggest that the mantle has complicated and the xenoliths have depleted mantle. The xenoliths samples examined in this work, investigated a primary assemblage ol + pl + opx+ cpx+ Grt ± sp, for model and SEM images. Five samples contain garnet surrounding by opx and plagioclase filling the cracks inters garnet crystal. Xenoliths similar in composition have been reported in Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Syria by [23,62-66].
The previous studies of Jordan xenoliths are documented by many authors, e.g., [67], reported the temperatures (900˚C - 1030˚C), and pressure (12 - 18 kbar), within (37 - 60 km) depth for peridotites and pyroxenite. [67-69] estimated the lower end of the crust-mantle boundary (35 - 37 km). [63] Studied the xenoliths in Saudi Arabia, and reported the same temperatures (900˚C - 980˚C) and pressure (13 - 19 kbar) for peridotites, and temperatures (900˚C - 1070˚C) and pressure (13.8 - 16.5 kbar) for pyroxenite. [26] studied the xenoliths in the volcanic rocks northeast Jordan and conclude the temperature range from (970˚C - 1090˚C) and pressure at 19 - 27 kbar and depth around to 65 km. [14] studied the xenoliths in Jabal al-Harida by using Herzberg method and reported temperature range (960˚C - 1040˚C), and pressure 11 - 13 kb, and depth of the origin 43 km. [70] Reported thermometer for pyroxene and peridotite, temperature range (1022˚C - 1083˚C), and pressure range (5 - 10 kbar). I support that, all authors explained the origin of xenoliths as shallow lithosphere mantle in Jordan.
6. Conclusions
The garnet mineral xenolith occurs in and is associated with the Miocene volcanic field at basalt plateau north east Jordan at TAH. The results of this study can be gleaned and concluded as follows:
1) The primary minerals assemblages for modal component xenoliths are ol + pl + opx + cpx ± sp.
2) The petrography shows that the garnet mineral is dark brown to dark red in color with fresh fracture in hand spacement. In thin section, garnet crystal unhedral to subhedral, dark color in XPL, corona texture present, pyroxene surrounding garnet crystal.
3) The SEM photomicrograph shows the crystal habit of the garnet, highly fractured and surrounded by kelyphite texture. Two types of kelyphite texture are distinguished, fibrous and radial. Both opx and cpx are containing a regular numerous vermicular lamella of pyroxene and spinel.
4) The mineral chemistry of the TAH garnet is rich in almandine than pyrope and grossular, these components refer to the Mg, Fe and Ca content. Pyroxene composition shows highly Ensitite content than Wollastonite and Ferrosilite.
5) Many authors explain the origin of the xenoliths, conclude to shallow lithosphere mantle.
Acknowledgments
The author of this research would like to express his sincere thanks to Ali Abed-al Jawad for performing the XRF and XRD analysis and Eng. Raya Al-Amoush for her help in the SEM analysis at Al al-Bayt University. The author is also grateful to the Geologist Yousef Abu Salha for SEM analysis at the University of Jordan, and for Mrs. Ameenah Al-Kourdi for her help in thin sections preparation at the University of Jordan. The author also thanks the Geologist Asmaa Al-Qurneh from the Petrology and Petrography unit in the Natural Resources Authority for her help in photographing thin section. The text has benefited from the comments of anonymous reviewers to whom the author are highly indebted and grateful.