Physio-pathology of induced endotoxaemia in bovine and its treatment regimen

Irtiza Nabi, Digvijay Singh, Naresh Kumar Sood

Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India.
Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India.

DOI: 10.4236/jbise.2013.611135                

Abstract

Endotoxic shock was induced in five apparently healthy male buffalo calves by i.v infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin at 5microgram/kilogram (μg/Kg) body weight/hour (BW/hr) for 3 hours. Endotoxin infusion caused clinical signs of restlessness, respiratory distress, snoring, diarrhoea, profuse salivation along with the significant hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia and hypokalemia in all the animals. The animals were observed up to day 4 or death, whichever was earlier. The treatment with one time intravenous infusion of hypertonic saline solution @ 4milliliter/Kilogram body weight (ml/Kg?BW), dextran-40 @ 10 ml/Kg?BW, flunixin meglumine @ 1.1 milligram/Kg?BW (mg/Kg?BW) and blood @ 20 ml/Kg?BW to these animals alleviated the clinical signs and significantly raised the circulating glucose level at 4.5 and 5.5 hrs. The treatment led to survival of three of the five endotoxemic buffalo calves. The significant hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypokalemia and hypoglobulinemia continued even after treatment. Gross and histopathologic findings of congestion, haemorrhage, necrosis in vital organs viz., lungs, liver, kidneys, brain and intestines were suggestive of endotoxin induced hypoxia and multi-organ failure. Additionally, emphysema and fibrinous thrombi in microvasculature of lungs were salient histopathological findings indicating terminal respiratory failure in the remaining two dead endotoxemic buffalo calves. From clinical signs, plasma chemistry and pathological lesions, it was concluded that endotoxemia led to a disruption of critical life processes, but a timely and effective treatment could counter these deleterious effects and save precious lives.

 

Keywords

Blood; Buffalo Calves; Dextran-40; Endotoxemia; Flunixin Meglumine; Hypertonic Saline; Physiology; Pathology

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Vincent, J.L. and Backer, D.D. (2001) Patho-physiology of septic shock. Advances in Sepsis, 1, 87-92.
[2]	Hodgson, J.C. (2006) Endotoxin and mammalian host responses during experimental disease. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 135, 157-175.
[3]	Ng, S.W., Zhang, H., Hedge, A. and Bhatia, M. (2008) Role of preprotachykinin—A gene products on multiple organ injury in LPS-induced endotoxemia. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 83, 288-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0807575
[4]	Garrido, A.G., Poli de Figueiredo, L.F. and Silva, M.R. (2004) Experimental models of sepsis and septic shock: An overview. Acta Cirurgica Brasileira, 19, 82-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-86502004000200001
[5]	Thomas, J.S. (2000) Schalm’s veterinary haematology. Chapter 13th. 5th Edition, Lippincotts Williams and Wilkins, Inc.
[6]	Snecdecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1976) Statistical methods, Iowa state college press. Iowa.
[7]	Sobti, V.K., Mirakhur, K.K., Krishnamurthy, D. and Nigam, J.M. (1981) Ringers lactate and homologous blood transfusion in hemorrhagic shock in buffalo calves. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 19, 371-374.
[8]	Singh, D.V., Singh, R.V. and Sodhi, S.P.S. (2004) Blood biochemical parameters during bovine endotoxemia and after i/v infusion of hypertonic saline solution and plasmix-D-40. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 74, 1098-1101.
[9]	Kumar, R. (1989) Hormonal and biochemical profile during development and reproductive stages in buffalo calves. MVSc Thesis Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana.
[10]	Nagaraja, T.G., Bartley, E.E., Anthony, H.D., Leipold, H.W. and Fina, L.R. (1979) Endotoxin shock in calves from intravenous injection of rumen bacterial endotoxin. Journal of Animal Sciences, 49, 567-582.
[11]	Singh, K., Krishnamurthy, D. and Peshin, P.K. (1997) Endotoxin shock with and without dexamethasone pretreatment in anaesthetized buffalo calves-II. Indian Journal of Veterinary Surgery, 18, 8-11.
[12]	Constable, P.D., Schmall, M., Muir, W.W. and Hoffsis, G.F. (1991) Respiratory, renal, hematological and serum biochemical effects of hypertonic saline solution in endotoxemic calves. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 52, 990-998.
[13]	Jean, C.D., Constable, P.D. and Yorchuk, K. (1993) The clinical use of hypertonic saline in food animals with haemorrhagic and endotoxic shock. Agriculture Practice, 14, 6-11.
[14]	Singh, D.V. (2000) Physiological and pharmacological studies on bovine endotoxic shock and its treatment. Ph.D. Thesis, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana.
[15]	Kaneko, J.J., Harvey, J.W. and Bruss, M.L. (1997) Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals. 5th Edition, Academic Press, New York, pp. 126-134, 622, 893.
[16]	Deldar, A., Naylor, J.M. and Broom, J.C. (1984) Effect of E. coli endotoxin on leukocytes, platelets count, fibrinogen concentration in colostrum fed and colostrum deficient neonatal calves. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 45, 670-676.
[17]	Ghuman, G.S. and Singh, D.V. (2009) Biochemical profiles during endotoxic shock and after hypertonic saline solution, dexametasone and flunixin meglumine administration in buffalo calves. Toxicology International, 16, 73-76.
[18]	Ghuman, G.S. and Singh, D.V. (2009) Biochemical profiles following Flunixin meglumine administration in combination with hypertonic saline during endotoxic shock in buffalo calves. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 79, 669-672.
[19]	Radostits, O.M., Gay, C.G., Blood, D.C. and Hinchcliff, K.W. (2000) Textbook of diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses. 9th Edition, Chapter II, IX and Appendix, WB Saunders Company Ltd., pp. 41-47, 410, 1820.
[20]	Singh, D.V. (1990) Effect of circulatory shock on the cardiovascular system of buffalo calves. M.V.Sc. Dissertation. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana.
[21]	Celly, C.S. and Prasad, B. (1987) Changes in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, urinary and salivary electrolytes during experimental septic shock in calves. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 25, 73-74.
[22]	Singh, D.V., Singh, R.V. and Sodhi, S.P.S. (2007) Some biochemical profiles during bovine endotoxic (lipopolysaccharide) shock and after treatment with hypertonic saline solution. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 77, 438-441.
[23]	Singh, D.V., Sodhi, S.P.S. and Singh, R. (1994) Effect of shock in macro and microelements status in Cow and Buffalo Calves. Indian Veterinary Medical Journal, 18, 142-148.
[24]	Vincent, J.L., Zhang, H., Szabo, C. and Preiser, J.C. (2000) Effects of nitric oxide in septic shock. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 6, 1781-1785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.161.6.9812004
[25]	Singh, D.V., Sodhi, S.P.S., Brar, A.P.S. and Grewal, J.S. (1996) Certain pathological profiles of endotoxic shock in buffalo calves. Buffalo Journal, 19, 283-288.
[26]	Sokkar, S.M., Darwiesh, G. and Madbooly, A. (2003) Study of the pathological effects of Escherichia coli endotoxin in rams. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 50, 226-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0450.2003.00651.x
[27]	Hackel, D.B., Ratliff, N.B. and Mikat, E. (1974) The heart in shock: Brief review. Circulation Research, 35, 805-811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.35.6.805
[28]	Papadopoulos, M.C., Davies, D.C., Moss, R.F., Tighe, D. and Bennett, E.D. (2000) Pathophysiology of septic encephalopathy: A review. Critical Care Medicine, 28, 3011-3024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200008000-00057
[29]	Hardie, E.M. and Krusse-Elliott, K. (2008) Endotoxic shock Part II: A review of treatment. Journal of Internal Medicine, 4, 306-314.
[30]	Moses, V.S. and Bertone, A.L. (2002) Non-steriodal antiinflammatory drugs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, 18, 21-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0749-0739(01)00002-5
[31]	Zafar, M.A., Hussain, M.H., Muhammad, G. and Saqib, M. (2004) Potential use of hypertonic saline solution (7-7.5% Nacl) resuscitation in hypovolemic and endotoxic shock. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 6, 926-930.
[32]	Kelmer, G. (2009) Update on treatment of endotoxemia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, 25, 259-270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2009.04.012