Synthesis, Characterisation and Photoresponsive Studies of Lignin Functionalised with 2-(5-(4-dimethylamino-benzylidin)-4-oxo-2-thioxo- thiazolidin-3-yl)-acetic Acid ()
1. Introduction
Lignin is the second most abundant natural polymer, and is obtained as a by product in the pulp and paper industry. Lignin is chemically complex, composed by phenyl propane units connected by various types of linkages, forming a branched structure containing diverse functional groups [1-3]. Lignin is formed by dehydrogenative polymerization of three different types of monomers: pcoumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol. Both aliphatic and aromatic hydroxyl group are abundant in it and are potential reactive sites. Because of this multifunctionality, lignin can be considered as a natural polyol [4-9]. In the present study technical lignin is used as the core material. The main source of technical lignin is the black liquor from the pulping process. In the pulping industry, vast amount of lignin are separated from wood and then burned internally in the pulp mill to produce steam and electricity, except for those produced for special chemical purposes.
Photo responsive chromophoric or multi chromophoric systems can be introduced in to the basic structural pattern of lignin by the DCC coupling of free carboxylic groups of chromophoric systems with the end hydroxyl functionalities of lignin. Thus we can develop a photochromic system on to the lignin core and make them able to interact with electromagnetic radiation of selected wave lengths. This could lead to the generation of excellent photoactive systems based on a naturally occurring, environment friendly core material, which find application in paint and dye industries, printing inks, medicine and in medical diagnosis. Functional modification can also change them to molecular nanocapsules and light harvesting antenna systems [10].
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials and Methods: General
Lignin was purchased from Merck (Germany). Dimethyl amino pyridine (DMAP) and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) are commercial samples and used as purchased from E. Merck India Ltd. The solvents used for the study such as dimethyl formamide (DMF) were purified by literature procedure. NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker 500 MHz NMR instrument. IR spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu FT-IR instrument operating in the range 4000 - 400 cm−1. UV-visible spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu UV-visible NIR spectrophotometer operating in the range 200 - 1100 nm.
2.2. Synthesis of 2-(5-(4-Dimethylamino-benzylidin)- 4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl)-Acetic Acid
p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (1 g) and rhodanin-Nacetic acid (1.25 g) were dissolved in ethanol. The mixture was stirred thoroughly for a few minutes. The temperature was raised and the mixture was refluxed for 4 hours with magnetic stirring under an inert atmosphere of argon. The product was filtered, purified by recrystallisation from absolute ethanol and further purified by column chromatography using 10:3 chloroform-methanol solvent system and characterised by spectroscopic analysis. The yield is noted as 81%.
2.3. Synthesis of Lignin Functonalised with 2-(5-(4-Dimethylamino-benzylidin)-4-oxo-2- thioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl)-acetic Acid
2-(5-(4-dimethylamino-benzylidin)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl)aceticacid(2.25 g), lignin (1 g), DMAP (200 mg), and DCC (1 g) were separately dissolved in DMF and mixed together. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours and at 80˚C for 6 hours. The by-product dicyclohexyl urea (DCU) was removed by warming-cooling-filtration process and the solvents were removed on a vacuum rotory evaporator and dried. It was purified by column chromatography using 10:2 chloroform-methanol solvent system and dried in vacuum. The product was characterised by spectroscopic analysis [11,12].
3. Results and Discussion
Lignins are complex, amorphous, phenolic polymers, whose aromatic and aliphatic hydroxyl groups can be easily modified by estrification reaction. Spectroscopic analysis such as UV-visible, FT-IR, and 1HNMR has been done in order to visualize the chemical changes in the structure of lignin.
3.1. Synthesis and Characterisation of 2-(5-(4-Dimethylamino-benzylidin)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl)-acetic Acid
p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde and rhodanin-N-acetic acid were condensed together at 80˚C yielding 2-(5-(4-dimethy-amino-benzylidin)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl)-acetic acid (Scheme1).
IR spectrum of 2-(5-(4-dimethylamino-benzylidin)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid was recorded in the solid state as KBr discs in the operating frequency range 4000 - 400 cm–1. The IR spectrum is given in Figure 1. 3440 cm–1 (broad):νO-H(str), 2920 cm–1:νC-H of CH2, 1716 cm–1:νC=O(str), 1573cm–1:νC=C(str), 1379 cm–1:νC-N (str), 1309 cm–1:νC=S(str), 1184 cm–1:νC-O(str), 650 cm–1: νC-S(str).
The proton NMR spectrum of the product was recorded in chloroform using a 500 MHz 1H NMR spectrophotometer. The results are given below and spectrum is shown in Figure 2. 1H NMR: 10.32 ppm(1H, s: -COOH), 7.42 ppm (2H, d: aromatic proton a), 6.74 ppm (2H, d: aromatic proton b), 4.81 ppm (1H, s: Hc), 3.65 ppm (2H, s: Hd), 3.09 ppm (6H, s: N(CH3)2 (Scheme 1).
3.2. Synthesis and Characterisation of Lignin Functionalised with 2-(5-(4-Dimethylaminobenzylidin)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl)-acetic Acid
The end hydroxyl functionalities of lignin were esterified with the free carboxyl group of 2-(5-(4-dimethylaminobenzylidin)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid through DCC coupling using DMAP as the catalyst (Scheme 2).
Figure 1. IR spectrum of 2-(5-(4-dimethy lamino-benzylidin)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiazolid-in-3-yl)-acetic acid.
Figure 2. H1 NMR spectrum of 2-(5-(4-dimethylaminobenzylidin)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl) acetic acid.
IR spectrum was recorded in the solid state as KBr discs in the operating frequency range 4000-400 cm–1. IR(KBr): 3743 cm–1νO-H(str), 2927 cm–1 νC-H of CH2 aromatic, 1747 cm–1:νC=O(str), 1535 cm–1:νC=C(str), 1315 cm–1: νC-N(str), 1186cm–1:νC-O(str), 665 cm-1:νC-S(str). The IR spectrum is shown in Figure 3.
The proton NMR spectrum of the product was recorded in chloroform using a 500 MHz 1H NMR spectrophotometer. 1H NMR: 7.42 - 7.40 ppm (2H, d: Ha), 7.72 - 7.75 (2H, d: Hb), 6.70 - 6.74 ppm (m: aromatic protons in lignin), 5.01 ppm (1H, s: unreacted phenolic OH in lig nin), 3.09 ppm (6H, s: N(CH3)2), 2.99 ppm (s: alcoholic OH in lignin) 2.80 ppm (2H, s: Hd). 2.22 ppm (H, s: aliphatic proton c) [13-16]. The lignin aliphatic protons give multiplet at 1.6 - 1.9 ppm. The absence of a peak at 8-10 shows that the carboxylic proton is absent in the product and this confirms the coupling of free carboxyl group of the dye with hydroxyl functions of lignin. The spectrum is shown in Figure 4 [13,14].
3.3. Photoresponsive Studies
The UV-visible spectrum was recorded in chloroform.
The λmax of the dye was obtained at 474 nm (Figure 5(a) and the signal was shifted to 498 nm (Figure 5(c)) on attaching to lignin. The λmax of lignin core was at 416
Scheme 1. Synthesis of 2-(5-(4-dimethylamino-benzylidin)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid.
Scheme 2. Functional modification of lignin with 2-(5-(4-dimethylamino-benzylidin)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid.
Figure 3. IR spectrum of lignin modified with 2-(5-(4-dimethylamino-benzylidin)-4-oxothioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl)- acetic acid.
Figure 4. H1 NMR spectrum of lignin modified with 2-(5-(4-dimethylamino-benzylidin)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl)-acetic acid.
nm (Figure 5(b)). The spectra were recorded using solutions of same molar concentrations and a strong increase in intensity was observed for the modified lignin system. Thus the photoabsorption properties of the chromophoric system becomes more efficient when attached to lignin and this was evident from the remarkable red shift and increase in intensity noted on attaching the dye to the core (Figure 5)
The light fastening properties of the chromophoric system and the lignin core functionalised with 2-(5- (4-dimethylamino-benzylidin)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl)-acetic acid were investigated by irradiating these systems to visible radiant energy. The experiments were carried out in chloroform using same molar concentrations. In this experiment, the changes in the UV-visible absorption spectra as a function of time of irradiation were noted. The chromophoric system shows decrease in intensity as the time increases. The intensity of absorption at zero time was noted as 2.75. After 1 hr of irradiation the intensity was decreased to 2.5 and after five hours of irradiation, the intensity of absorption was notably decreased and it was 1.8. But in the modified lignin, there was no appreciable change in the intensity of absorption on irradiation for several hours. The intensity remained intact at 3.1. This shows that the stability of the chromophoric system greatly enhanced on attaching to lignin. The irradiation results are shown in Figure 6.
The fluorescence emission of lignin coupled with 2- [5-(4-dimethylamino-benzylidine-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiozolidine-3-yl]acetic acid was recorded in chloroform. The excitation wavelength was 450 nm. The emission maximum for the coupled product was observed at 563 nm, where as the emission maximum of pure chromo phoric system is at 554 nm. The enhanced fluorescence emission of chromophore functionalised lignin core may be due to their ability to form intra molecular excimers. The fluorescence spectra of the pure chromophore and coupled lignin are shown in Figure 7. 4. Conclusion The paper reports the development of a novel nature friendly photoactive macro molecular system with electron modulation based on lignin. Lignin was functionally
Figure 5. UV-visible spectrum of (a) 2-(5-(4-dimethy-lamino-benzylidin)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thialidin-3-yl)acetic acid and (b) pure lignin and lignin modified with 2-(5-(4-dime-thylamino-benzylidin)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid.
Figure 6. Light fastening studies of (a) 2-(5-(4-dimethyl amino-benzylidin)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid and (b) lignin modified with 2-(5-(4-dimethy lamino-benzylidin)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid.
modified with a chromophoric system with push-pull electron modulation namely 2-(5-(4-dimethylamino-benzylidin)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid by DCC coupling between the free carboxyl function of the chromophoric system on to the end hydroxyl functionalities of lignin. The products were characterised by spectroscopic methods. The photochemical properties of the coupled lignin were compared with the pure chromophoric system. The modified system shows a considerable red shift and remarkable increase in intensity of absorption and emission. On prolonged irradiation with visible radiant energy, the lignin functionalised with 2-(5-(4-dimethylamino-be-zylidin)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiaz olidin-3-yl) acetic acid showed excellent light stabilisa-tion properties compared to the monomeric dye. The strong red shift observed on binding the chromophoric system to lignin and the remarkable stability on irradiation provides a no-
Figure 7. Fluorescence spectra of (a) 2-(5-(4-dimethylamino -benzylidin)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid and (b) lignin modified with 2-(5-(4-dimethylamino-benzylidin)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid.
vel photoresponsive system with excellent light fastening properties. Moreover it shows excellent emission behaviour which was demonstrated by recording the fluorescence spectra. Being a naturally occurring, inexpensive, water-soluble and environment friendly photoactive macromolecular system, the fuctionally modified lignin finds many applications in medicine, medical diagnosis, in paint and dye industry.
5. Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Department of Science and Technology (Ministry of Science and Technology), Govt. of India, New Delhi for financial support by awarding major research project No. SR/S1/OC-24/2006, dtd.26.10.2006.
NOTES