Ca (II)-EDTA shows antimicrobial activity against periodontopathic bacteria ()
1. INTRODUCTION
The formation of microbial biofilm around a dental prosthesis or implant is a major cause of periodontal disease, including peri-implantitis, defined as imflammation or infection around an implant with accompanying bone loss. Five species of periodontal pathogen have been detected around titanium implants [1]. Porphyromonas gingivalis [2] and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans [3] are believed to be major etiologic bacteria in human periodontitis. Prevotella intermedia [4] has also been associated with human periodontal disease. This indicates the importance of maintaining biofilm-free surfaces on the sub-gingival and supra-gingival portions of a dental implant if peri-implantitis and periodontitis are to be prevented. Research at our laboratory has focused on developing a system of defense against infection on dental material surfaces [5]. Decreasing plaque accumulation has been emphasized in the prevention of periodontal disease, including peri-implantitis [6]. Antimicrobial materials may offer a means of reducing the oral bacteria involved in the development of oral disease.
In an earlier study, we found that one advantage of antimicrobial peptides was that they did not act as antigens against the host [7]. One of the aims of our ongoing research is to create a defense system against peri-implantitis, and we have recently been exploring the antimicrobial potential of low-molecular materials affixed to the surfaces of dental materials [8]. We have reported the anti-periodontopathic activity of the antimicrobial peptide protamine [9]. Although protamine has shown strong inhibitory activity against growth of P. gingivalis, its antimicrobial force appears to be short-lived, and problems remain with regard to its sustained release. Therefore, we are searching for other low-molecular substances which can exert a more stable antibacterial effect.
In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of ethylenediamine-N,N,N’,N’-tetraacetic acid calcium (II) disodium salt (Ca (II)-EDTA) on growth of periodontopathic bacteria. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) inhibits enzymatic reactions by trapping metal ions, thus exerting a chelating effect [10,11]. Normally, EDTA is present in the form of disodium salt. Effective as a chelating agent, even at low doses, it has been incorporated into a variety of products and cosmetics.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid has been reported to suppress Escherichia coli by removal of the metal ions required for its growth [12]. Although EDTA is useful as an antidote for lead poisoning, the Ministry of the Environment in Japan has reported that there are risks associated with its use related to zinc or calcium deficiency when ingested in high doses [13]. Mutagenicity studies in animals have produced both positive and negative results [14,15]. However, Ca (II)-EDTA was found to be harmless with 2-year oral administration as a chelating reagent in rat [16]. Therefore, it was prescribed by the FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) that EDTA should be in the form of calcium rather than disodium salt when added to canned or bottled food as an antioxidant. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of Ca (II)-EDTA as an antimicrobial agent against periodontopathic bacteria and determine its safety in mammalian cells.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Materials
Ethylenediamine-N,N,N’,N’-tetraacetic acid calcium (II) disodium salt was obtained from Dojindo LABORATORIES (Kumamoto, Japan). For the cell proliferation assay, Ca (II)-EDTA was solubilized in Dulbecco’s modified essential medium (DMEM, Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA), which was then used as a part of the culture medium described below. To evaluate minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Ca (II)-EDTA was solubilized in the broth described below for liquid culture of bacteria.
2.2. Bacteria and Culture Conditions
For plate culture, the bacteria tested in this study were grown on plates containing Tryptic soy agar (40 g·L–1; Becton Dickinson and Company, Sparks, MD, USA) supplemented with 10% defibrinated horse blood, hemin (5 g·L–1), and menadione (0.5 g·L–1). Preculture was performed in an anaerobic chamber (N2: 80%, H2: 10%, CO2: 10%) at 37˚C. For liquid culture, P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 (ATCC, American Type Culture Collection) and P. intermedia ATCC 25611 were cultured in Trypticase soy broth (30 g·L–1; Becton Dickinson and Company, Sparks, MD, USA) supplemented with hemin (5 g·L–1; Sigma Chemical Co., St Louis, MO) and menadione (0.5 g·L–1; Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka, Japan). A. actimomycetemcomitans 310a was cultured in Todd Hewitt Broth (30 g·L–1; Becton Dickinson and Company) supplemented with Yeast Extract (10 g·L–1; Becton Dickinson and Company). Each precultured colony was inoculated into a liquid broth and incubated for 2 to 4 days under the conditions described above.
2.3. Evaluation of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
Broths containing Ca (II)-EDTA were used to determine MIC. Concentration of Ca (II)-EDTA was adjusted by stepwise dilution in increments of 10 mM from 50 mM to 100 mM. Each bacterial strain was inoculated into the broth and then incubated for 3 - 7 days in an anaerobic chamber at 37˚C. Minimum inhibitory concentration was defined as the lowest concentration of Ca (II)-EDTA that would inhibit the visible growth of the microorganisms after incubation. The experiments were performed four times to confirm the reliability of the data.
2.4. Antibacterial Activity of Ca (II)-EDTA against Periodontopathic Bacteria
Periodontopathic bacteria were anaerobically grown at 37˚C to the early stationary phase in the broth described above. The harvested cells were washed once in autoclaved water and then resuspended in freshly autoclaved water containing adequate concentrations of Ca (II)-EDTA. Bacterial cell suspensions were incubated at 37˚C and examined for bacterial cell viability every 30 min over a 120 min period. Bacterial cell viability was determined by adenosine triphosphate bioluminescence assay using the BacTiter-Glo Microbial Cell Viability Assay kit (Promega, Madison, USA). Briefly, a volume of BacTiter-Glo reagent equal to the volume of each suspension was added and briefly mixed. The luminescence of the solution was then recorded by using the AUTO-LUMICOUNTER Model 1422EX (Microtec Co., LTD, Funabashi, Japan). The value obtained was expressed as the ratio to that at the start of incubation. The results were expressed as the mean ± SD of three experiments.
2.5. Mammalian Cell Viability Assay
Murine L929 cells derived from connective tissue (ATCC, Rockville, MD, USA) were used in this study. The culture medium consisted of DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Sigma Chemical Co., St Louis, MO, USA) and antibiotics. Cells subcultured at 37˚C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 were suspended in DMEM at a concentration of 2 × 108 cells·L–1. An aliquot of 2 × 10–4 L of cells was dispensed in the wells of a 96-well plate and then incubated for 4 hr at 37˚C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2. The medium was replaced with medium containing Ca (II)- EDTA at concentrations adjusted by stepwise dilution and incubated for another one day. After completion of cultivation, cell viability was determined by using the Premix Proliferation Assay system (TAKARA Bio Inc., Ohtsu, Japan). Briefly, a 20-μL aliquot of Premix WST-1 was added to each well. The cells were then incubated under humidified atmospheric pressure (37˚C, 5% CO2) for 3 to 4 hr. Absorbance was measured at 440 nm by using the SpectraMax Microplate Reader (MDS Analytical Technologies, Sunnyvale, CA), subtracting absorbance of the background control at 650 nm. The experiments were performed in triplicate. The data were expressed as the survival rate.
2.6. Statistical Analysis
Data were analyzed for statistical significance using a two-way analysis of variance followed by the Scheffe test for multiple comparisons including factor A (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min) arising from differences along incubation time, and factor B (0 and 100 mM) based on differences in the concentration of Ca (II)-EDTA, using the statistical analysis software package Excel Statistics (2006, SSRI, Japan).
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Inhibitory Effect of Ca (II)-EDTA against Periodontopathic Bacteria
As shown in Table 1, Ca (II)-EDTA showed an inhibitory effect on growth of all the periodontopathic bacteria tested, with inhibitory effect greatest on growth of the P. gingivalis strain. The MIC value for P. gingivalis was 60 mM, while that for A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. intermedia required a higher concentration, at 70 mM. These findings suggest that Ca (II)-EDTA exhibits selective inhibitory action against growth of periodontopathic bacteria.
To further investigate its potential to inhibit growth of periodontopathic bacteria, the bactericidal activity of Ca (II)-EDTA was assessed. As shown in Figure 1, Ca (II)-EDTA showed bactericidal activity in a time-dependent manner against all the bacteria tested. A highly significant difference was observed in inhibitory action between factors A (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min) and B (0 and 100 mM) of the two-way analysis of variance against all bacteria tested. Bacterial viable cells significantly
Table 1. Effect of Ca (II)-EDTA on growth of periodontopathic bacteria and minimum inhibitory concentration of reagent.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 1. Influence of Ca (II) EDTA on cell viability of periodontopathogens. (a) A. actimomycetemcomitans 310a; (b) P. intermedia ATCC 25611; (c) P. gingivalis ATCC 33277.
decreased since the bacteria have been exposed to Ca (II)-EDTA (p < 0.01). At 100 mM, higher than the MIC, Ca (II)-EDTA reduced the number of A. actimomycetemcomitans cells to less than 40% of that at 0 min incubation after 2 hours incubation. It also inhibited growth of an even larger number of P. intermedia (to less than 30%) and P. gingivalis cells (to less than 20%). In addition, two-factor interaction also showed a highly significant difference. These data support that it is possible to suppress their growth with time of exposure of Ca (II)-EDTA against the bacteria. This indicates that this chelating reagent exerts an inhibitory effect on the growth of periodontopathic bacteria.
3.2. Cell Viability Assay against Ca (II)-EDTA in Mammalian Cells
As shown in Figure 2, the survival rate of murine L929 cells declined in a concentration-dependent manner. At 75 mM Ca (II)-EDTA, 93% of the cells survived. This suggests that this reagent would be harmless at an MIC of 60 mM or 70 mM in mammalia. In this study, we found that Ca (II)-EDTA exerted an inhibitory effect on periodontal pathogens. Further investigation is necessary, however, to elucidate the properties of this chelating reagent, using the immobilization methods established at our laboratory, for example. Moreover, the sustained release of this chelating agent must be examined. Of interest, also, are the functional mechanisms involved in its inhibition of growth of periodontopathic bacteria. One of our goals is to develop a defense system against periimplantitis. We believe that application of Ca (II)-EDTA to dental implants would offer advantages in the prevention of periodontal diseases such as peri-implantitis and oral care.
4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank Associate Professor Jeremy Williams, Tokyo Dental College, for his assistance with the English of this
Figure 2. Cell viability assay on various concentrations of Ca (II)-EDTA (24 h). Standard deviation is expressed by bar. For example, at 75 mM, 93% ± 0.13% of cells survived.
manuscript. We would also like to thank Dr. Huang Yi, Tokyo Dental College, for her assistance with the experiments.
