1. Introduction
The embroidery art has deep historical roots and lives among the people to these days and in all regions of the republic, embroidery is very widespread and considered quite common for women, starting from an early age (Ashurov & Uralova, 2018). Embroidery is an art requiring not only skill but also persistence; women always like beautiful, when they embroider, they transform household items (Efimova, 2014). Techniques of artistic embroidery are very diverse, artistic embroidery occupies a special place in the fabric decoration; the thing decorated by embroidery acquires artistic value (Kamneva & Shvetsova, 2018). Embroidery is performed by decorative needlecraft using yarn or thread on canvas or fabric (The Spruce Crafts, 2021).
In the Kyrgyz nomadic lifestyle, embroidery is used to decorate the interior and exterior of the yurt, a blanket was placed on the edge of a yurt to keep the house warm and clean. The yurt is decorated with small embroidered items, embroidered felt, crockery bags, spoon bags, scissor bags, mirror bags, teapot bags, clothes (Abdyrasulova, 2021; Koponova & Abdyrasulova, 2016; Abdyrasulova & Koponova, 2017; Akmataliev, 1996), clothes bags, closed heads, outside the doors, and other similar embroidered items.
National costumes and hats were also decorated with embroidery: belts, takya, duria, and men’s leather pants (Kapalbaev, 2016). At weddings, the bride’s horse saddle is embroidered with various embroideries: sweaters, gowns, blankets, the bride’s veil, takya, vests, belts, aprons, and the groom’s clothes (Kadyrov, 2012).
Kyrgyz embroidery can be divided into two main complexes: northern and southern. The northern embroidery is characterized by felt, hanging shelves, shoes, bags, women’s clothing, belts, colors. Negative boats were mainly used to decorate the art, using loops. And in the south, the most widely embroidered items are pillows, rugs with right stitching and embroidered headwear takiya with a negative boat stitch.
The main types of Kyrgyz embroidery (Figure 1) include:
1) negative boat;
2) negative boat from the inside out;
3) half cross;
4) crawl;
5) Bulgarian cross;
6) hook;
7) sewing (with a needle);
8) ilmedos;
9) proper needlework;
10) and 11) basma;
12) multiple.
The national artistic style is a vivid expression in embroidery art as it shows both color ratios in ornament variations; this type of applied art is a valuable source for identifying the distinctive features and studying culture (Antipina, 1962).
2. Research Methods and Materials
In this work research was conducted based on the collection of information about ethnographic embroidery materials in Kadamzhai region of Kyrgyzstan. Historical origin and purpose of embroidery items were analyzed. Basic types of embroidery and embroidery items used in the nomadic lifestyle were described. Importance of obtaining embroider skills for girls was noted.
3. Embroidery Items
Each region has its own peculiarities influenced by the local conditions, professions, and the nation culture. In Kadamzhai region, informants shared with embroidery art works keeping in their homes, such as felts (south), pillows, rugs, and embroidered handkerchiefs. National handicrafts are becoming more and more valued, for example, takiya of the Makiya Zulaika, who was born and raised in the Karagansai pasture in Kadamzhai district was received when she got married. Alibekova Kairinsa, a resident of Kara-Jygach village in the same district, left the takiya to her daughter-in-law, and today her granddaughter, Tamara Sultanova, a resident of Aravan district, keeps it. The hat was relatively sewn in the 1900s. Kep takiya is called as a duria presented to Aidai, daughter of Rahmatilla, a resident of Kara-Jygach village in the area. Duriya kept by Gulsava Shakirova, a granddaughter from Markaz village.
Blanket cover and handkerchiefs were made in 1964 by Saliya Amizaveva, a resident of Kara-Jygach village who was born in 1936.
Tradition of sewing pillows (Figure 2 and Figure 3) and other items for girls is necessary in Kyrgyz people culture. Addition of embroidery class to the school curriculum is important for keeping the national culture.
While teaching girls embroidery in classroom, we saw that they sewed with great interest and were interested in the embroidery history. Embroidery in the labor class teaches girls to know the national culture, to concentrate, to be thrifty, patient, and to perceive beauty and keep national heritage, as heritage education can enable social empowerment (Yan & Chiou, 2021). Curricula organization to accommodate science and arts, drawing with pedagogy associated with
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Figure 2. Embroidery used for decorating pillow.
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Figure 3. Embroidery for decorating supportimg pillow.
arts fruitful ways offer to engage students in school classroom (Braund & Reiss, 2019). School lessons in learning lace, knitting or embroidery will eventually develop girls’ professional activity and can become the income source; these skills will remain “family helpers” for girls in their adult life (Kormilitsyna, 2013). For the effective organization of training and education, process in the girls’ class based on the personality oriented pedagogical technologies (Efimenko & Tarakanova, 2014). In creating an artwork, color and form are main variables in the painting code, appealing students’ emotions and skills in participating in communication (Caiman & Jakobson, 2019).
4. Conclusion
In order to preserve our national culture, it is necessary to add embroidery class to the school curriculum for developing girls craft making skills. Through our national handicrafts, we can prove and keep our Kyrgyz culture. While teaching girls embroidery in the school classroom, we saw that they sewed with great interest to the history of embroidery. Embroidery teaches students to know the national culture, to concentrate, to be thrifty, patient, and to perceive beauty.