Preliminary Study on the Magnetic Properties of GeMn Nanocolumn/Ge Multilayers ()
1. Introduction
The discovery of giant magneto-resistance (GMR) in metallic multilayers by A. Fert and P. Grunberg opened the door to a new field of science [1] [2]. The study of magnetic coupling in multilayer systems is a very specific subject, which often requires a correlation between experimental results and complex theoretical models. The applications from this study are numerous and mainly focused on the fabrication of magneto-resistive components and magneto-optics. In the study of the exchange coupling between ferromagnetic layers, the separating layer (latter called spacer) plays a very important role, because the nature, the length and the energy of the coupling strongly depend on this one. Most studies in this field have focused on the coupling between ferromagnetic layers through a non-magnetic and generally metallic layer. For this type of spacer, several theoretical models have been suggested in order to explain the origin of the exchange coupling when it exists [3] [4] [5]. Concerning semiconductor spacers, the study of exchange coupling remains very limited due to the problems related to diffusion at interfaces and to alloy formation (metal/semiconductor systems) or to limited magnetic properties as in the case of magnetic semiconductor/systems. Previous studies have shown the initially positive results in the GaMnAs/GaAs/GaMnAs superlattice [6], in the Fe/Si/Fe or the Co/Si systems [7] [8] [9], and in the stacking of PbS/EuS layers [10]. All these studies show that the multilayers provided with a semiconductor spacer have an FM or AF exchange coupling and that the switching between these two configurations is completely possible. However, the major drawback which could limit their development in several fields of applications comes from their low Curie temperature as well as problems related to the growth and the crystalline quality of the ferromagnetic layers and the spacer.
It has been shown that the interdiffusion between the ferromagnetic layer and the spacer in metallic multilayer systems constitutes a constraint major [11] - [17]. This problem is known as the main cause of the decrease in performance of all systems. To overcome these obstacles, the synthesis of DMS-based multilayers is an attractive approach, because these materials are much more flexible than metals, particularly with regard to integration into conventional CMOS technology based on Si and Ge. Among numerous phases of GeMn DMS, GeMn nanocolumns appears to be the most interesting, because it is a unique phase exhibiting Curie temperature higher than 400 K and epitaxial growing on the Ge substrates [18] [19] [20] [21]. Therefore, the synthesis of a multilayer system based on high Curie temperature GeMn nanocolumns is proof of the emergence of a new material generation intended for the multilayer spintronics. Particularly, by using real time control approach, we have been able to produce 10 stacked layers of GeMn nanocolumns free of Mn5Ge3 clusters, which are separated by a nano-scaled Ge spacer layer [22] [23]. However, the evidence of an exchange coupling in this system remains to be proven, because no study was published at the time of writing this manuscript. In this paper, we preliminarily study the coupling in GeMn nanocolumns/Ge multilayers and will explain in a very simple and rather intuitive way the first magnetic results obtained.
2. Experimental
GeMn film growth was performed using solid source molecular beam epitaxy on epi-ready n-type Ge(001) wafers with a nominal resistivity of 10 Ω∙cm. The base pressure in MBE is better than 1 × 10−10 Torr. The deposition chamber is equipped with reflection high energy electronic diffraction (RHEED) to monitor the epitaxial growth process. Germanium powder ≥ 99.999% and Manganese powder 99.99% were evaporated using standard Knudsen effusion cells. The cleaning of the Ge surfaces was carried out in two steps: a chemical cleaning and an in situ thermal desorption of the surface oxide. After this step, a 40-nm-thick Ge buffer layer was grown at 250˚C to ensure a good starting surface. Next, using real-time control approach, the Ge1−xMnx films were subsequently grown at the temperature of 130˚C and Mn concentrations of ~ 6% Mn for all layers. The Ge0.94Mn0.06 layers were separated by the Ge spacer of several nanometers. The magnetic properties were characterized using superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer in the temperature range from 5 to 400 K with a magnetic field applied parallel or perpendicular to the surface of the samples. The diamagnetic contributions due to the Ge substrate were subtracted from the measurements, leaving the magnetic contributions of the GeMn films.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Study the Exchange Coupling in the Multilayer System Ge/[Ge0.94Mn0.06(40 nm)/Ge(d nm)]9/Ge0.94Mn0.06(40 nm)/Ge
Conventional multilayer systems for studying exchange coupling consist of a stack of several ferromagnetic layers spaced apart by non-magnetic layers, the thickness of which is variable. For GeMn multilayers, the ferromagnetic layers of 40 nm-thick were chosen, which ensures good crystalline quality and a homogeneous distribution of the nanocolumns in the layers. A series of 5 period samples has been developed with a wide range of Ge thicknesses (d = 6, 8, 15 nm). The samples were encapsulated by a layer of Ge 2 - 3 nm thick. The TEM images of the samples have been shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 of the ref. 22.
In Figure 1, we present the hysteresis cycles of these three samples measured with the external magnetic field parallel to the sample plane (parallel configuration). Although the rectangular shapes of the cycles reflect a ferromagnetic behavior of all the layers, some interesting points should be underlined. The coercive fields and the residual magnetizations practically did not change whereas the saturation magnetizations were obviously modified. The saturation fields HS, defined as the fields for which the magnetization reaches 95% of its saturation value, meanwhile, have the same values for all the samples. This last remark is very important because the energies necessary to saturate three samples will have the same value, which means that the thickness of the spacer has no effect on the saturation of the magnetic moments of the layers. We cannot conclude that there is an exchange coupling in this multilayer architecture. However, it is not excluded that there is exchange coupling between the layers (FM type). In this case, the coupling field Hex should be sufficiently small so that the reversing field can switch the two magnetizations at the same time. It therefore seems necessary to probe still other thicknesses of Ge in order to have a more definitive conclusion.
We also present in Figure 2 the magnetic measurements of these three samples in the perpendicular configuration. We can see the same coercive field values of the saturation field for the three samples and the normalized curves are identical. This means that no coupling can be observed for this configuration.
3.2. Study the Exchange Coupling in Spin Valve Type Structures
For the applications in devices using the MRG effect such as spin valves, it is desirable that a bilayer system be made up of a ferromagnetic layer having a greater coercive field than that of the other layer. The layer with the greatest coercive field is called the hard layer and retains the orientation of its magnetization when the external field is varied while we observe a tilting of the magnetization
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Figure 1. Hysteresis curves measured at 10 K of three samples with different Ge spacer layer thicknesses (a) and Superimposition of the 3 normalized curves on the same graph, confirming no exchange coupling is visible by measuring the hysteresis cycles for this range of Ge thicknesses (b).
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Figure 2. Superimposition of hysteresis curves with a perpendicular external field.
of the less rigid layer (soft layer) if the coupling FM exchange is not strong enough. In the case of nanocolumns, we are trying to modify the coercivity of one layer by increasing its thickness compared to the other. A series of three different thicknesses d of the GeMn(45 nm)/Ge(d)/GeMn(25 nm) spacer has been grown to study the exchange coupling between the ferromagnetic layers. All the samples are protected by a thin layer of 3 nm of Ge in order to avoid the oxidation problem which can alter the results such as, for example, by generating an exchange shift AF/FM (exchange bias) [24].
We present in Figure 3(a) the hysteresis cycles of three samples at three d values measured at T = 10 K with a magnetic field applied parallel to the sample (the TEM images of these three samples are shown in Figure 3(b), Figure 3(c) and Figure 3(d)). The cycles are clearly rectangular, which means that the magnetizations of two ferromagnetic layers are turned over for the same magnetic field value. This indicates that the layers can be coupled FM. The FM coupling intensity is strong enough across the Ge layer so that the reversals of the magnetizations do not take place separately. In this type of coupling, the coercive field of the soft layer (low anisotropy) becomes higher while that of the hard layer decreases its initial value, ultimately resulting in a very small difference in the inversion field of the two layers. The results obtained from Figure 3 also show an increase in the saturation field Hs of the sample with dGe = 3 nm (about 1.104 Oe for d = 1 nm and 15 nm while it is greater than 2.104 Oe for d = 3 nm).
In Figure 4, an amazing trend that we can see in this series is a decrease in the coercive field HC down to 120 Oe for d = 3 nm while in the other two cases, they are almost identical HC ≈ 250 Oe. A similar trend can also be observed for the remanent magnetization (Mr). However, due to the small number of samples measured, we cannot say that the Hc field oscillates with the thickness of Ge. It is clear that the intensity of the exchange coupling is different for each thickness, confirming that the magnetic interactions or exchange coupling between the layers exist and depend on the thickness of the Ge spacers. For d = 1 nm, the
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Figure 3. (a) Hysteresis loops measured at 10 K (a) and TEM images of three samples Ge0.94Mn0.06(45 nm)/Ge (d)/Ge0.94Mn0.06(25 nm) with d = 1 nm (b), d = 3 nm (c) and d = 15 nm (d).
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Figure 4. Normalization of hysteresis cycles in Figure 3(a) and the enlargement of the curves shows a clear decrease in HC for dGe = 3 nm compared to the two other thicknesses (b).
TEM images of this sample (Figure 3(b)) showed a very indistinct interface as we had a single layer of continuous nano columns. The coupling in this case must be important because the effect of the surface gives rise, in general, to a positive effect for FM coupling. With regard to d = 3 nm, the attenuation of the coercive field is considerable and the field necessary to saturate the sample is greater, which means that the coupling length is significantly different compared to the case of d = 1 nm. It is important to note that in the case of the perpendicular configuration (not show here), we measured the variation of the magnetization with the field for two samples (d = 3 nm and 15 nm) and the result does not reflect the same behavior: the values of HC and HS change only very slightly, which implies that the magnetic anisotropy of nanocolumns plays no role in the exchange coupling for this type of system.
We have just shown the structure of spin valves based on nanocolumns an attenuation of the FM coupling which means that there is a transition towards either a biquadratic coupling which seems most likely because of the anisotropy of the system, or AF coupling or total decoupling of the system. The exchange coupling problem for semiconductor spacers is not simple and in the multilayer system of nanocolumns, it seems even more complex, for the following reasons: 1) The leakage field induced by neighboring nanocolumns: magnetic coupling even in the case of a layer of nanocolumns is already complicated because the ferromagnetic layer is not a magnetically continuous medium, the magnetic nanocolumns couple together. To simplify the problem, we assume that nanocolumns in a layer are magnetic monodomains that have a preferred orientation. In multilayers, the contributions in exchange coupling are numerous and come from all the couplings between the nanocolumns of one layer and those of the two neighboring layers. The leakage field therefore becomes significant; 2) The magnetic anisotropy of nanocolumns: as have discussed in previous papers, nanocolumns have a fairly complex magnetic anisotropy and are considered to be a magnetically isotropic material, at least for both the parallel and perpendicular configurations [18] [21]. These magnetic properties make the phenomenon of magnetization reversal along the easy magnetization axes difficult.
4. Conclusion
In summary, we have studied the exchange coupling in the multilayer system GeMn nanocolumns/Ge in two configurations with the variation of Ge spacers. The results obtained show that, exchange coupling between the layers exists and depends on the Ge spacer thickness for the GeMn nanocolumns/Ge multilayer spin valve configuration. However, in order to have a more definitive conclusion and to determine the nature of the coupling, a study as a function of the Ge thickness accompanied by the measurement of minor cycles would be essential.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Hong Duc University under grant number of 564/HĐ–ĐHHĐ. The authors thank colleagues at Interdisciplinary Center of Nanoscience of Marseille (CINaM-CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, France for their technical helps and fruitful discussions.