Design, Synthesis, Chemistry and Biological Evaluation of Some Polyfunctional Heterocyclic Nitrogen Systems—Overview

Asmaa L. Alanzy^1,2*, Dina A. Bakhotm¹, Reda M. Abdel-Rahman¹

¹Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA.
²Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Qassim University, Buraidah, KSA.

DOI: 10.4236/ijoc.2020.102003                

Abstract

The synthesis, preparation, chemical reactivities and biological activity of simple heterocyclic and heteropolycyclic nitrogen systems as small units as functional pyrazoles, pyridine and pyrimidine, and the related fused systems are reviewed. Among the various possible routes to the formation, isomeric structures have been cited because of patented reaching advanced phases of clinical trials, from 2000 to 2020.

Keywords

Pyrazolo[3, 4-b]pyridine, Simple Heterocyclic Nitrogen, Biological Properties, Edaravone Drug, Synthetic Strategies

Keywords:

1. Introduction

Recently, heterocyclic nitrogen systems containing polyfunctional groups have developed into the most active and promising research areas of chemical science. Presence of polyfunctional organizations internal the structure of heterocyclic nitrogen systems, increase of net electronegativities over all the amenities of the compounds which adorn and enhance their physical, chemical and biochemical residences as dielectric content, distribution probes and/or the hydrophobic action [1].

The World Health Organization titled a recent study on the synthesis, chemical reactivity and biological activities of Polyfunctional Heterocyclic Nitrogen Systems [2] [3] [4] [5] [6].

One of the important targets is to use as antibiotics, drugs, and bioactive systems, polyfunctional pyrazoles, pyridine, and then fused/condensed polyheterocyclic nitrogen systems [7] [8] [9] [10].

2. Synthesis and Chemical Reactivities of a Polyfunctional Pyrazole [Edaravone Drug] as Base Unties

Edaravone drug and their analogs synthesized from the fusion of arylhydrazine with ethyl acetoacetate (Scheme 1) [11] [12].

Edaravone (1) for example exhibits two functional groups, active methylene, ketonic and/or enolic as tautomeric start [13] [14] (Figure 1)

Abdel-Rahman et al. [15] reported the synthesis of condensed heteropolycyclic nitrogen systems derived from the Edaravone drug (Scheme 2).

Fluoroacylation and/or fluorobenzoylation of Edaravone 1 an afforded 4-trifluoroacetyl-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazol-5-one (2) and/or 4-(4’- fluorobenzoyl)-hydro-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazol-5-one (3) respectively. Ring closure reaction of both 2 and 3 with thiourea afforded the pyrazolopyrimidine-6-thiones 4 and 5 respectively (Scheme 2) [15].

A simple nucleophilic attack of -SH groups of 4 and 5 with primary aliphatic amine as ethanolamine in refluxing EtOH, produced the corresponds N-substituted ethanol amines 6 and 7, which upon dehydration by refluxing with Ac₂O yielded 7,8-tetrahydro-[4,3:6,5]imidazolines 8 and 9 respectively (Scheme 3) [15].

Also, the interaction between compounds 4 and 5 with primary aromatic amines in refluxing DMF afforded N-aryl-N-pyrazolopyrimidine amines 10 and 11 respectively (Scheme 4), while when using piperazine as the secondary amine in boiling EtOH, produced N, N-di hetero arylpiperazines 12 and 13 respectively (Scheme 5) [4].

All the compounds obtained evaluated as antifungal agents, where the activity

Scheme 1. Synthesis of edaravone drug and their analogies.

Figure 1. Formation of edaravone 1 as two isomers.

Scheme 2. Fluoroacylation and fluorobenzoylation of edaravone 1.

Scheme 3. Synthesis of imidazolines 8 - 9.

Scheme 4. Formation of compounds 10 - 11 from 4 - 5.

Scheme 5. Formation of 12 - 13 from 4 - 5.

in the order 12 > 10a > 10b > 4 > 6 > 8. Only compound 12 exhibits a highly affect a cellobiose activity produced by Aspergillus Nodulins Fungi at 1000 and 100 µg/ml as biodynamic agent [15].

The hydrazino-groups when bonded to heterocyclic nitrogen systems, improve that possible activity to formation various heteropolycyclic systems characterized with biological, pharmacological and medicinal properties [16] [17] [18]. Thus, hydrazinolysis of compound 5 by refluxing with hydrazine hydrate in EtOH, yielded the corresponding hydrazine derivative 14 [19]. Ring closure reactions of compound 14 by refluxing with T.O.F (DMF); diethyl carbonate (THF) and/or carbon disulfide (DMF), produced the 1,2,4-triazolo pyrimido pyrazole derivatives 15 - 17 (Scheme 6) [20].

Fused heteropolycyclic nitrogen systems 19 and 20 obtained from refluxing compound 5 with benzoic acid hydrazide (DMF) and/or isonicotinic acid hydrazide (EtOH) (Scheme 7) [20].

On the other hand, the interaction between compound 5 with dithioic formic acid hydrazide in refluxing DMF led to the direct formation of compound 17 (Scheme 8) [20].

It is known that hydrazo and azo aromatic compounds exhibit an important in dust rate ant attention due to its application in the industrial chemistry and agriculture fields [21] [22]. Thus, the interaction between compound 5 and 14 (1:1 by moles) in refluxing isopropyl alcohol, the hydrazo-compound 21, which upon simple oxidation by warming with sulfur-in dry C₆H₆, yielded the azo-compound 22 (Scheme 9) [20].

All the obtained compounds, evaluated as enzymatic affects the cellobiose activity of Aspergillus Nodulins fungi, were the activity increases in the order of

Scheme 6. Formation of 1,2,4-triazolo pyrimido pyrazole derivatives 15 - 17.

Scheme 7. Formation of compounds 19 - 20 from 5.

Scheme 8. Formation of compound 17 from 5.

Scheme 9. Formation of azo-compound 22.

22 > 21 > 14 > 16 > 19 and a highly bioactive are compounds 22 and 21 Respectively [20].

Polyfunctional nitrogen compounds substituted guanidine 25, obtained from the condensation of Edaravone 1 with an aromatic aldehyde in warming with EtOH/piperidine produced the 5-arylidine derivative 23 which upon cycloaddition with guanidine.

HCl in refluxing EtOH-piperidine, yielded 6-amino-4-(4’-fluorophenyl)-1- phenyl-3-methyl pyrazolo [3,4-d] pyrimidine (24). The addition of cyanamide to 24 in refluxing ethanol-piperidine, yielded the compound 25 (Scheme 10) [23].

The course of orientation cyclization reactions, is very important to obtain a type of isomeric structure [24]. Thus, refluxing compound 25 with 4-nitrobenzoyl isothiocyanate in non-polar solvent (dioxane) gave 1-heteroaryl-2-imino-6-aryl- 1,3,5-triazin-6(5H) thione (26), while that reaction when carried in polar solvent (EtOH/pipridine) produced1-heteroaryl-2-imino-4-aryl-1,3,5-triazin-6(5H)thione (27) respectively (Scheme 11) [23].

It is an interest that interaction between compound 25 as polynuclophilic agents with π-e acceptors bearing a carbon triple group as unsaturated carbonitriles (A) and/or (B) in polar solvent as EtOH/piperidine as catalyst led to the direct formation of polyfunctional hetero polycyclic systems 28 and 29 respectively (Scheme 12) [23].

Also, cycloaddition reaction of compound 25 with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4- arylidene-pyrazol-5-one (23) in refluxing EtOH-piperidine afforded the diheteroarylamine derivative 30 (Scheme 13) [23].

Recently, reported that [25] - [30], the introduction of fluorine atoms to heterocyclic nitrogen systems often improves then physical, chemical and biological properties [25] - [30]. Thus, cyclo condensation of compound 25 with fluorinated acetylacetone in refluxing EtOH, afforded N-(heteroaryl-2-imino-4,6-di(trifluoromethyl) pyrimidine (31) (Scheme 14 & Scheme 15) [23].

Some full fused heteropolycyclic nitrogen systems bearing various functional groups 32 - 39 were obtained from the interaction between 6-amino-4-(4’-flu- orophenyl)-1-phenyl-3-methyl pyrazolo [3,4-d]pyrimidine (24) 23, with α, β-bifunctional reagents via a ring closure reaction (heterocization systems) [31].

Scheme 10. Synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine 25.

Scheme 11. Synthesis of 1,3,5-triazin 6(5H)thione derivatives 26 - 27.

Scheme 12. Formation of 28 - 29 from 25.

Scheme 13. Synthesis of dihetero aryl amine derivative 30.

Scheme 14. Formation 31 from 25.

Scheme 15. Formation of 31 from 25.

Thus, refluxing of compound 24 with chloroacetonitrile and/or monochloroacetic acid in boiling DMF for 4 h, yielded the imidazo [3,2-a]pyrimido [4,3-d]pyrazoles 32 and 33 respectively (Scheme 16) [31].

The interaction between compound 24 and the active methylene reagents as malononitrile (EtOH/piperidine) and/or diethyl malonate (THF) under refluxing Δ/6h, resulted in pyrimido [3,1-a]pyrimido [5,4-d]pyrazole (34 and 35) respectively (Scheme 17) [31].

The behaviour of compounds 32 and 35 as nucleophilic agents towards Pph₃ as electrophilic agents also evaluated in boiling CH₃CN, led to the direct formation of triphenylphosphine derivatives imino 36 and 37 respectively (Scheme 18) [31]. Formation of compound 36 as shown in Figure 2.

On other hand, refluxing compound 24 with 4-nitrobenzoyl isothiocyanate in non-polar solvent (dioxane or THF) and/or in polar solvent (EtOH/piperidine) also, afforded 2-aryl-4-thioxo-6-(4’-fluorophenyl)-7-methyl-9-phenyl-1,3,5-triazino [5,4-a]pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrazole (38) and/or 2-thioxo-4-(aryl)-6-(4’-flourophenyl- 7-methyl-9-phenyl-1,3,5-triazino[5,4-a]pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrazole (39) respectively (Scheme 19) [31].

Scheme 16. Synthesis of imidazo[3,2-a]pyrimido[4,3-d]pyrazoles 32 - 33.

Scheme 17. Formation of 34 - 35 from 24.

Scheme 18. Treatment of 35 and 32 with pph₃ and CH₃CN.

Figure 2. Formation of phosphinimino 36.

Scheme 19. Formation of 38 - 39 from 24.

3. Synthesis and Chemical Reactivities of a Polyfunctional Pyridine Systems (1,6-Diamino-2-oxo-4-(aryl)- 1,2-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile)

A general method to obtain 4-aryl-1,6-diamino-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3,5- dicarbonitriles 40 includes the interaction between cyanoacetic acid hydrazide, malononitrile and aromatic aldehyde in refluxing absolute EtOH with drops of piperidine (Scheme 20) [32].

Abdel-Monem [33] reported the synthesis of fused heterobicyclic nitrogen systems as 1,2,4-triazolopyridinone 41 - 50 derived from compounds 40_a and 40_b with α, β-bifluorodional oxygen and halo-oxo compounds in different media (Scheme 21 & Scheme 22). Also, fused pyrido-1,2,4-triazine 53 - 60 have been obtained from treatment of 3-mercapto-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine 51 with compound 40 to give the substituted aminopyridinone 52 (Scheme 21 & Scheme 22) [33].

It is the interest that, compound 52 on alkylated and/or cyclocendened with an alkyl halide (Base) and/or hydroxy/halo ketones afforded the pyrido-1,2,4-triazine derivatives 53 - 60 (Scheme 23 & Scheme 24) [33].

All the obtained compounds evaluated as antimicrobial agents (some Bacteria and fungi); were the compounds exhibit good to moderate activities in the order of 54, 47, 45 as bactericidal and the compounds 46, 50, 58 exhibit a fungicidal activity [33].

Scheme 20. Formation of pyridine derivative 40.

Scheme 21. Formation of 1,2,4-triazolopyridinone 41 - 45.

Scheme 22. Formation of 46 - 50 from 45.

Scheme 23. Formation of 53 - 56 from 40 and 51.

Scheme 24. Formation of 57 - 60 from 40.

Simitary [34] [35] [36], polyfunctional pyrido-1,2,4-triazine derivatives 61 - 65 and the related fused polyheterocyclic systems 66 and 67 were isolated from the interaction between compound 40 (Ar: -furyl) and α, β-bifunctional reagents in the differing media (Schemes 25-27). All the obtained compounds showed antimicrobial activity (bacteria & fungi) in comparison with chloramphenicol and terbinafine antibiotics as control [34]. The compounds 64 & 66 are highly active towards staphylococcus, while compounds 66 & 68 against Bacillus S.

Scheme 25. Formation of 62 - 63 from 40.

Scheme 26. Formation of 64 - 65 from 62.

Scheme 27. Formation of 66 - 67 from 62.

Most of the compounds 61 - 68 showed towards activity Staphylococcus, Bacillus S.L pseudomonas, and only the compounds 66 towards Escherich co.

On the other hand, the compound, 68 showed a high activity towards Candida albicans fungi. Also, the compounds 61 & 66 exhibit activity towards Aspergillus F.; 62, 63 & 68 towards penicillium ita; 61 - 68 towards candida alb.

Diamines are very important and safe, active simple substrates for producing of various heterocyclic nitrogen systems [37] [38]. Also, 4-aryl-1,6-diamino-2-oxo- 1,2-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarbonitriles uses for the building of high biologically active nitrogen bridgehead triazole [1,5-a]pyridines [39]; pyrido [1,2-b] [1,2,4]triazines [40] [41] and/or pyrido [1,2-b] [1,2,4]triazepines [42] [43]. Based on, these observations-Kazak et al. [44] obtained 4-(4’-methoxyphenyl)-1,6- diamino-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine (68) from refluxing ethyl cyanoacetate, arylaldehyde, malononitrile; hydrazine hydrate in EtOH with a few drops of piperdine (Scheme 28) [44], and uses to obtaining various fused polyheterocyclic nitrogen systems 69 - 73 as antimicrobial agents (Schemes 28-30) [44]. All the compounds obtained evaluated as antimicrobial agents, were the highly active compounds in the order 73 > 72 towards Bacillus bacterial S.L towards candida a. (fungi strain) [44].

The formation of compound 67 may be as shown in Figure 3.

Diamines are very important and safe, active simple substrates for producing of various hetero cyclic nitrogen systems [37] [38]. Also, 4-aryl-1,6-diamino-2- oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarbonitriles uses for the building of high biologically active nitrogen bridgehead triazolo [1,5-a] pyridines [39]. Pyrido [1,2-b] [1,2,4]triazines [40] [41] and/orpyrido [1,2b] [1,2,4]triazepines [42] [43].

Based on, these observations, El-Kazak et al. 44 prepared 4-(4’-methoxyphenyl)- 1,6-diamino-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine (68) from refluxing ethyl cyanoacetate, aryl aldehyde, malononitrile, hydrazine hydrate in EtOH with a few drops of piperidine (Scheme 28) [44], and uses to obtaining various fused polyheterocyclic nitrogen systems 69 - 73 as antimicrobial agents (Schemes 28-30) [44].

(A)(B)

Figure 3. (A) Formation of compound 67A from 62; (B) Anot possible formation of compound 67B from 62.

Scheme 28. Formation of 69 from 4-methoxybenzaldehyde.

Scheme 29. Formation of 70 - 71 from 69.

Scheme 30. Formation of 72 - 73 from 3.

All the compounds obtained evaluated as antimicrobial agents, were the highly active compounds in the order 73 > 72 towards Bacillus s. and towards Candida a. (fungi strain) [44].

4. Synthesis and Chemical Reactivities of Polyfunctional Pyrazolo-Pyridine Derivatives

Various pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridine derivatives 76 - 80 have been obtained from the reaction of 3-hydrazino-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine (74) 46 with ethoxy methylene malononitrile in refluxing EtOH to give 5-amino-1-(5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4- triazine-3-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile (75) which used as starting materials to obtain the targets 76 - 80 (Schemes 31-33) [45].

5. Important and Applications

Fused heterocyclic nitrogen systems especially which containing a pyrazole moiety are well known for their wide range of biological, pharmacological and medicinal significance properties [46] [47] [48] [49] [50]. Also, pyrazolo [3,4-b]pyridines have been exhibited the diverse biological and pharmacological fields such as antitubercular, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antileishmanial and protein Kinase Potential inhibitors agents [51] - [60].

Some pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines have been obtained and evaluated for an anti-chagasic activity to establish a structure-activity relationship [61].

A few publications deal with the preparation of pyrazolo [3,4-b]pyridines containing a polyfunctional group [62].

In continuation of the work done on the synthesis and chemistry of pyrazolo [3,4-b]pyridines [63], Maqbool et al. 64 prepared a series of ethyl-3-methyl- 1-phenyl-6-aryl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-4-carboxylates (82) by the reaction of 5-amino-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole (81) [64] with various aromatic aldehydes and ethyl pyruvate in warming acetic acid (Scheme 34) [65].

One of the important studies of synthesis, chemistry and biological evaluation of polyfunctional pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-carbonitrile was deduced by El-Assiery et al. [66], was the compound 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-aryl-6-amino pyrazolo [3,4-b] pyridine-5-carbonitriles (83) obtained from the cycloaddition of both Edaravone 1, aromatic aldehydes; malononitrile and ammonium acetate by fusion with a few drops of piperidine within a long time (15 h) (Scheme 35) [66].

Also, the chemistry of compound 83 was studied by treatment with polyfunctional reagents, because of their biological evaluation (Scheme 36 and Scheme 37) [66].

6. Attitudes of the Next New Work

Based upon these observations, the next work tends to synthesize some more new fused heteropolycyclic nitrogen systems containing polyfunctional groups because of their biocidal effects.

Scheme 31. Reaction of 3-hydrazinotriazine 74 with ethoxymethylene malononitrile.

Scheme 32. Formation of 76 - 77 from 75.

Scheme 33. Synthesis of compound 80.

Scheme 34. Synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-4-carboxalate 82.

Scheme 35. Formation of 83 from edaravone 1.

Scheme 36. Treatment of 83 with polyfunctional reagents.

Scheme 37. Formation of 88 - 90 from 83.

7. Conclusions

Poly functional heterocyclic nitrogen systems as pyrazole, pyridine, and pyrimidine systems play a vital role in our life due to their biological, pharmacological, and medicinal properties [67] [68] [69] [70].

Based upon these important observations, this overview combines and reports the important attempts to obtain novel small units of heterocyclic systems in view of their biological evaluation which benefits the chemists and scientific researches in the future, from 2000 to 2020 AD.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

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