Chronic Administration of Sildenafil Citrate (Viagra) on the Frontal Cortex of Adult Male Rats: An Ultrastructural Study ()
1. Introduction
The nervous system is a unique target for toxic agents in several ways. The adult neuron does not divide and therefore replacement of the lost cells is not possible. There is barrier to passage of many blood borne substances unless they are monopolar or are actively transported. The normal function of the nervous system requires the action of a complex integrated network, so damage to even a small portion of the nervous system sometimes can result in marked effect on function [1].
Sildenafil citrate (Viagra) is highly selective inhibitor of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) degrading intracellular enzyme phosphodiesterase S (PDES) widely used as treatment for erectile dysfunction [2] [3]. (PDES) was present in penile tissue, platelets, skeletal muscles, vascular and visceral smooth muscles, so Sildenafil acted via release of nitric oxide [4]. It also presented in brain tissue and in the superior cervical ganglion [5] [6]. Sildenafil had found effective in several subpopulations of men with erectile dysfunction, including sufferers from diabetes [7], hypertension [8], spinal cord injuries [9] and schizophrenia [10] [11].
Sildenafil was widely used by men aged 40 - 70 years, even with chronic diseases. It was rapidly absorbed after oral administration, with a mean absolute bioavailability of 41% (range 25% - 63%). Maximum observed plasma concentrations were reached within 30 to 120 minutes (median 60 minutes). It was eliminated predominantly by hepatic metabolism, and was converted to an active metabolite with properties similar to the parent, sildenafil. Both sildenafil and the metabolite had terminal half-lives of about 4 hours. Sildenafil was excreted as metabolites predominantly in the feces (approximately 80% of administered oral dose) and to a lesser extent in the urine (approximately 13% of the administered oral dose). The most common adverse reactions reported in clinical trials (≥2%) were headache, flushing, dyspepsia, abnormal vision, nasal congestion, back pain, myalgia, nausea, dizziness, and rash [12].
The present work was therefore designed to determine the effect of chronic administration of sildenafil citrate in therapeutic dose for 30 days on frontal cortex of adult male rats and discover whether these effects are reversible or irreversible.
2. Material & Methods
Forty adult male albino rats, weighing 200 - 250 gm were used in the present study. They were divided into three groups; A control group (10 adult male rats) and B experimentally treated group (20 adult male rats), and C recovery group (10 adult male rats). Sildenafil citrate (50 mg tablets) was obtained from Pfizer Company. The adult rats of the experimentally treated and the recovery groups received 0.7 mg/kg body weight according to Eweka and Eweka [13] it was varied between (0.140 mg) for rats weighing 200 gm to (0.175 mg) for rats weighing 250 gm, as a single daily dose, dissolved in distilled water, and given through an oro-gastric feeding tube for 30 days while the control group received equal volume of distilled water daily single dose during the experimental period.
The rats of the control group (A) and the experimentally treated group (B) were sacrificed one day after the designed period. The remaining 10 rats of the recovery group (C) were sacrificed two weeks later. Small pieces of the frontal cortex (1 mm in dimension) were taken and put in 3% glutaraldehyde for few hours. The specimens were processed for transmission electron microscope according to Palay and Chan [14]. Ultra-thin sections were double stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, according to Hayat [15] for ultra-structural examination. Then, they were examined and photographed.
3. Results
1) Control Group
Electron Microscopic Findings:
The ultra thin sections of the frontal cortex of the adult male rats showed that the pyramidal cell neurons had pyramidal shaped nucleus with fine chromatin (i.e. euchromatic nucleus). The nucleus contained dispersed chromatin, with mild aggregation and peripheral chromatin margination. The cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus of pyramidal cell neurons was termed perikaryon. It contained mitochondria, cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, free ribosomes and few lysosomes. Nissle granule was defined as a cluster of endoplasmic reticulum plus ribosomes pound to the outer surface of its cisternae. An axon-somatic synapse was observed containing both myelinated and non myelinated axons (Figure 1(A)).
2) Treated Group
Electron Microscopic Findings:
In the experimental treated group (B), ultrathin section of the frontal cortex of adult male rats showed that the pyramidal cell neurons had normal nucleus with mild aggregation of the chromatin, peripheral chromatin margination and peripheral nucleolus.
The perikaryon of the pyramidal cell neurons was variable. The cytoplasm contains degenerated mitochondria, fragmented rough endoplasmic reticulum, infiltration of ribosomes, and few cytoplasmic granules. An axo-somatic junction could be identified, non-myelinated axons appeared normal, and some of them appeared empty. Some of the myelinated axons appeared normal, another myelinated axon had irregular contour. Most of the myelinated axons had vacuolated myelin sheaths (Figure 1(B)).
3) Recovery Group
Electron Microscopic Findings:
In the recovery group (C), ultra-thin sections of the frontal cortex of the adult rats showed nearly complete recovery where the pyramidal cell neurons had normal nucleus and the perikaryon showed increase number of cell organelles and increased cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum and non-myelinated axons (Figure 1(C)).
4. Discussion
Sexual dysfunction was a serious medical and social problem in 10% - 52% in men and 25% - 63% in women [16]. Numerous central and peripheral neural circuits control sexual activity. Although several aspects of sexual motivation and performance were known, a complete picture of the various factors that
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Figure 1. (A) Electro-micrograph of the pyramidal cell of the frontal cortex of control adult rat showing that the pyramidal cell has euchromatic nucleus (N). The cell has normal cytoplasmic organelles, including mitochondria (M), rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), Golgi apparatus (G), free ribosomes (r), and lysosomes (L). Notice presence of Nissle granules (Ns). An axo-somatic synapse (Sy) is observed, containing mylinated axon (Mx) and non-myelinated axon (Nx) (×5000); (B) Electro-micrograph of the pyramidal cell of the frontal cortex of the experimentally treated rat with therapeutic dose of Sildenafil citrate showing the pyramidal cell where its nucleus (N) is normal with euchromatic and peripheral nucleolus (Nu). The cytoplasm contains degenerated mitochondria (M), fragmented rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), free ribosomes (r), and storage granules (g). Axosomatic synapse (Sy) shows myelinated axon (Mx) and non-myelinated axon (Nx), with vaculation of the myelin sheath (arrow) of some myelinated axons (×5000); (C) Electro-micrograph of the pyramidal cell of the frontal cortex of the recovery group showing the cytoplasm of the pyramidal cell neuron with signs of recovery in the form of increase number of normal cell organelles including; mitochondria (M), ribosomes (r), large granules (g) and increased cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum (arrow). Axo-somatic synapse (Sy) contains normal myelinated axons (Mx) and non-myelinated axons (Nx). Notice normal nucleus (N) (×5000).
control human sexual activity was still unknown. The available drug and treatment had limited efficacy and unpleasant side effects and controlled administration in certain disease condition [17]. Sildenafil citrate had been found to be effective and well tolerated in men with mild to moderate erectile dysfunction of no clinically identifiable organic cause [18]. It had been reported that sildenafil citrate significantly improved nocturnal penile erection in sildenafil nonresponding patients with psychogenic erectile dysfunction [19]. Several pharmacological and physiological properties of sildenafil had been described [20] [21] [22] So, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of chronic administration of sildenafil citrate in therapeutic dose on the ultra-structure of the pyramidal cell neurons of the frontal cortex in adult male rats.
The results of the present study revealed that administration of sildenafil citrate in therapeutic dose for 30 days to adult male rats induced varied degree of cellular degenerative changes in the cytoplasm of the pyramidal cell neuron of the frontal cortex. These degenerative changes were including degenerated mitochondria, focal fragmentation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, large lysosomal bodies, and varying degree of ribosomal infiltration. In addition; many myelinated axons showed vaculation of their myelin sheaths.
In agreement with the results of the present study, Cunningham and Smith [23] reported neuropathy of the optic tract associated with chronic administration of viagra in human, which induced blindness. Monatero et al. [24] reported intra-cerebral hemorrhage associated with treatment by sildenafil citrate in human. Also, Pomeranz et al. [25] and Pomeranz and Bhavzsar [26] reported degenerative neuropathy of the optic nerve after use of sildenafil for treatment of erectile dysfunction in humans. Farooq et al. [27] reported that chronic administration of sildenafil citrate in human induced several neurological disorders including the medial geniculate body and frontal cortex.
In association with results of the present study, Eweka and Eweka [28] reported that chronic administration of sildenafil citrate in different doses for 30 days induced various degrees of cellular degenerative changes, cellular hypertrophy, and intracellular vacuolations in the superior colliculus in the adult Wister rats. Again, Eweka and Eweka [13] reported that chronic administration of sildenafil citrate for 30 days induced some decreased of cellular populations, degenerative changes, cellular hypertrophy, and some vacuolations appearing in the stroma in the medial geniculate body of adult Wister rats. These changes were more severe in the rats receiving higher dose of sildenafil citrate.
The cerebral effects of sildenafil citrate were due to increased risk of the detrimental effect on the cerebral blood flow (CBF) especially with patients with cerebro-vascular risk factors. There were two different pattern perfusion changes after administration of sildenafil citrate; 1) decrease of local or regional perfusion in one or more areas of the brain compared to baseline, and 2) a local decrease in one or more region combined with increased perfusion in other locations [29] The decrease of the post sildenafil perfusion might be related to abnormal reaction of dynamic cerebral auto regulation. The dynamic cerebral auto-regulation was defined as the ability to restore (CBF) in situations of sudden changed in perfusion pressure. The impairment was well documented unilaterally or bilaterally in acute stroke [30] and in the presence of intracranial or extra cranial artery stenosis [31]. This auto regulation was not impaired in elderly persons or in previously treated hypertensive patients [32].
In the recovery animals, ultra thin section revealed nearly complete recovery of the pyramidal cell neurons. In agreement with the results of the present study, Morgan et al. [33] and Saritz and Caplan [34] reported spontaneous recovery of patients suffering from transient ischemic attack after sildenafil citrate used, and patient suffering from transient global amnesia after sildenafil citrate use.