1. Introduction
Fish hatchery ponds used during intensive aquaculture require a continuous supply of suitable water [1] [2]. Screens or other structures are typically used to prevent fish movement into water supply lines or open channels used to deliver water to the pond [3] [4]. However, these structures can be plugged with leaves, aquatic vegetation, and other debris, thereby restricting the water flow essential for fish production [1] [5].
In addition to the potential problems associated with screens and other structures, using spring water in hatchery ponds may present additional challenges. Spring water frequently contains excess dissolved nitrogen, increasing the risk of gas bubble disease [6] [7] [8] [9]. Acute toxicity of fish occurs at high levels of gas supersaturation, but even chronic exposure to less-than-lethal levels can lead to serious fish health issues [10] [11].
At McNenny State Fish Hatchery, Spearfish, South Dakota, USA, a trout pond was originally separated from its open spring water source by an iron screen, seen in Figure 1. This screen was effective at preventing fish movement from the pond into the spring, but would frequently become plugged with aquatic vegetation, leaves, and woody debris. The maintenance required to clean the screen to maintain water flows was time-intensive and laborious. In addition, the spring water is supersaturated with nitrogen gas, and the screen had no impact on the supersaturated water entering the pond. Thus, a new structure was needed to maintain water flows, reduce labor requirements, and decrease gas supersaturation levels in the spring water before it entered the fish production pond. This manuscript describes a novel mechanism that met those requirements.
2. Materials and Design
The water inlet to the pond was modified in two ways. First, the iron screen was removed, and the area formerly occupied by the screen was plugged with concrete to dam the spring. A short section of the upper pond was filled and a 23.56 cm (ID) polyvinyl chloride pipe was laid in the fill to deliver water from the spring to the new upper pond boundary. A novel inlet structure was attached to the end of the pipe at the pond end (Figure 2). The main components of the inlet structure were constructed using 0.635 cm thick 6061-grade aluminum. The
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Figure 1. Pre-existing spring and fish rearing pond separated by an iron screen.
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Figure 2. New water delivery system from the open spring to the fish rearing pond. Note the filled area, water pipe, and novel terminal splash plate.
structure consisted of two main components: a splash plate to aerate the water and block fish from entering the pipe, and a mount for attachment to the pipe.
The splash plate, illustrated in Figures 3-5, comprised of a main plate (56.83 cm × 35.56 cm) welded to a smaller plate (56.83 cm × 10.16 cm) at an angle of 130˚ to deter any fish from entering the pipe [4]. Each plate had holes drilled in a symmetrical fashion for water aeration and degassing. Attached to the main plate were two square pipes (35.56 cm long, 2.5 cm cross section) used as arms to bolt to the mounting apparatus.
The mount, illustrated in Figures 6-8, was comprised of four plates (25.41 cm × 30.798 cm) welded in a box type arrangement. A 7.62 cm long aluminum angle was welded onto each vertical plate (5.08 cm from the top, 7.62 cm from the left side of the plate). These angles supported the arms of the splash plate so that it maintained a position perpendicular to the water pipe during normal operations.
Two holes were drilled through the vertical plates so that, when bolted, the back faces of the arms were flush with the back face of the mount (3.2 cm from the hole to the right side of the plate). Two holes were drilled through the top to bolt to the PVC pipe. Each bolted connection (swivel points and pipe) used 0.953 cm stainless steel (6.28 cm long) bolts and 0.953 cm stainless steel nuts. Models of the structure mounted in cleaning and operating configurations are seen in Figure 9 and Figure 10, respectively.
3. Evaluation
This inlet structure was evaluated on three criteria: 1) prevent fish passage, 2) maintain water flows, and 3) decrease dissolved gas levels.
Regarding the potential movement of fish from the pond to the spring, over the course of six months, no fish have been observed in the spring. The angle of the bottom deflector on the splash plate allowed the water to pass but restricted
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Figure 3. Front profile splash plate schematic.
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Figure 4. Right profile splash plate schematic.
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Figure 5. Isometric model of the splash plate. Note the symmetry for left and right sides.
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Figure 6. Front profile schematic of the mount.
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Figure 7. Right profile schematic of the mount. The hole indicates bolt positioning for splash page attachement.
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Figure 8. Isometric model of the mount. Note the symmetry for left and right sides and the holes on the top plate for mounting.
the ability of fish to migrate through the structure and into the water pipe, seen in Figure 11 [4].
Water flows, essential for the intensive rearing of trout in the pond, were not impeded at any time during the six-month trial period [2] [12]. Aquatic vegetation and woody debris from the spring would occasionally enter the pipe and become lodged either behind the splash plate or in the splash plate holes and slots. This frequently occurred previously with the iron screen [1] [5]. However, unlike the plugging and restricted water flows associated with the iron screen, in none of these instances with the splash plate were water flows impeded. Also, unlike the prior screen design, removing the materials was quick and efficient: the splash plate was rotated upward, and the materials were dislodged (Figure 12).
Total gas pressures were measured both prior to and after exiting the pond inlet structure using a Handy Polaris TGP meter (OxyGuard, Farum, Denmark) during January and February of 2020. Total gas pressure in the spring water significantly decreased after passing through the inlet structure and splash plate, graphed in Figure 13. Spring water gas pressures were as high as 108% and
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Figure 11. Picture of inlet structure in situ, operating position.
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Figure 12. Picture of inlet structure in situ, cleaning position.
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Figure 13. Relationship in total gas pressure (%) in water entering and exiting the inlet structure.
decreased to as low as 97% with the use of the new structure. This evaluation occurred during the fall and winter months when total gas pressures may have been at their lowest concentrations. Gas supersaturation may vary seasonally and unpredictably in springs and may be the highest in the spring and summer [7] [13]. Although the absolute reduction in total gas pressures was not of a great magnitude, decreasing these values down to under 102% is highly beneficial to fish health. Other trout and salmon hatcheries have observed negative impacts on fish production with saturation levels as low as 104% [7] [11]. Future research over a longer time frame to potentially capture peak total gas pressures that may be occurring during different times of the year is needed.
Other structures have been used to decrease gas supersaturation to levels more conducive to fish rearing. This splash plate, with its holes, slots, and angled surfaces, decreased gas supersaturation levels as well or better than cascades, splashboards, or weirs [14] [15] [16]. However, it was likely much easier to maintain than those type of structures.
4. Conclusion
This inlet structure is highly advantageous for use in production fish hatcheries. It combines ease of maintenance with affordability, while achieving the requirements to rear fish efficiently in ponds receiving supersaturated water from springs.