1. Introduction
Underserved students are commonly known as under-resourced or underprepared students. In educational context, this group of students is always at the risk of failing (Zielezinski & Hammond, 2016). It is because they do not receive sufficient resources and facilities in education like other normal students do. Therefore, the achievement gap between underserved students and normal students in education considered to be wide (U.S. Department of Education, 2016; Zielezinski & Hammond, 2016). They are often recognized as a minority particularly of a race/ethnic, gender, first language, immigrant status, and age. They often have low-socioeconomic status, low performance in academics, under-credited or not on track to graduate (U.S. Department of Education, 2016; Zielezinski & Hammond, 2016; Collions, 2011; Rendon, 2006). Some are considered as underserved students because of their poor school system (Zielezinski & Hammond, 2016). Underserved students who are being referred in this study have one or more of these personal or social criteria which make them underserved. Underserved students often showcase a wide achievement gap compared to other students. This issue can be seen in all types of educational levels starting from the preschool until tertiary education.
2. Research Objective and Purpose
This study discusses about the issues of underserved students. The purpose of this study is to survey issues discussed regarding education trends in underserved students, especially, factors that create achievement gap for underserved students.
3. Research Question
The research questions, therefore are,
1) What are the issues regarding trends in underserved students?
2) What are the factors that create achievement gap for underserved students?
4. Methodology
Researchers used two steps in this study, first is Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review. Secondly, Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA) protocol and the Mc Dermott model (2014) during the selection process of the review article.
4.1. PRISMA Protocol
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA) is a reference which helps researcher to plan and document review methods and findings (Moher, Shamseer, Clarke, Ghersi, Liberati, Petticrew, Shekelle, Stewart, & PRISMA-P Group, 2015) PRISMA protocol consists of four steps. They are identification, screening, eligibility and included.
4.1.1. Identification
Researcher uses the ERIC, Sage and Google scholar databases at the identification stage through identification. Keywords such as underserved students, achievement gap, demography, inequality, school system, academics, and education have been used to search for relevant articles. Besides, researcher also created inclusive and exclusive criteria to get the data that exactly fits the objectives and purpose of this study. The criteria which have been included and excluded are as shown below:
1) Use of the symbol “+”, “−“, “and”, “or”.
2) Limit the year of search, which is from 2009 to 2019.
3) Varies search sources such as journals, theses, proceedings, reviews, newspaper articles, blogs and reports.
4) Uses only articles which have both underserved students and achievement gap data.
4.1.2. Screening
About 16,600 articles related to underserved students were found in the first finding. Using certain criteria as shown below, these articles were then filtered again.
1) Focuses on achievement gap.
2) Ways to overcome achievement gap which faced by underserved students.
4.1.3. Eligibility and Included
A variety of data sources had been used in eligibility data collection. Therefore, researcher collected articles from journals, theses, proceedings, reviews, newspaper, blogs and reports. Only qualitative research articles were included and analysed using systematic review. The total articles got from the PRISMA protocol were roughly 572. Figure 1 shows the process of selecting the relevant research articles to this study.
4.2. Mc Dermott
The process of filtering the articles continued by using Mc Dermott model. 572 articles which had been filtered using PRISMA protocol, were filtered again using Mc Dermott model to find out the actual quality of the selected articles. Mc Dermott model has been adapted for this study to see if those selected articles had the quality assessment criteria. There are six quality assessment criteria based on Mc Dermott model as shown in Table 1.
Articles had been graded based on the criteria fulfilled. Researcher graded the articles as A, B, C or D. Articles which achieved more than 6 criteria have been remained in the findings. However, articles which do not attain minimum three criteria were rejected. Thus, only 20 articles remained in researcher’s findings. The article grading was made based on the table: Table 2 shows the descriptions for grading the article meanwhile Table 3 shows the quality of the articles based on the grading given my using the grading assessment.
4.3. Coding
Only 20 articles were selected from the filtration process based on the criteria that had been set. After the filtration process, these articles undergone coding process. Overall elements and issues that have been discussed in these 20 articles were coded as “E” (element) and “I” (issue). Numbering such as “1, 2, 3, …” were also added to code “E” and “I” to quantify them (e.g.: E1, E1, I1, I2, …). The reason researcher did code process on the 20 selected articles is to make easier and clearer for reference during the discussion about elements and issues.
Figure 1. Data collection using PRISMA Protocol.
Table 1. Quality assessment of articles.
5. Findings
There are many issues being discussed regarding underserved students in education world. In this study researcher only focused on elements, issues, year of publication and number of reported issues by researchers from these 20 articles
Table 2. Description for grading of the article.
Table 3. Quality assessment of the rated articles based on grading A, B, C and D.
since 2009 until 2019. The results were then analysed and presented the form of tables and graph for specific reference purpose. Table 4 shows the summary of the Include Empirical Articles which shows the issues, elements and findings obtained after reviewing the articles.
5.1. Elements
Researcher chose 4 common elements regarding underserved students’ achievement gap in academics from the chosen 20 articles. Demography, school system, language, and first generation are the four common elements that was chosen to be discussed in this study. The details of the element are shown below in Table 5.
Table 5. Summary of include emperical article.
In the demography element, SES had been reported in 16 articles which carries 33%, race/ethnic had been reported in 14 articles which carries 29.6% and gender had been reported in 14 articles which carries 12.4%. School system element had been discussed in 3 articles which carries 6.5%. Language element had been reported in 14 articles which carries 10.3%. Finally, first generation element had been reported in 14 articles which carries 8.2%. Among all the elements, SES is the most reported element from the 20 articles. However, school system is the least reported element.
5.2. Issues
5.2.1. Socioeconomic Status (SES)
There is strong relationship between SES and achievement gap, where the lower the SES of a family, the bigger the achievement gap faced by the children in that family (Ruth, Hadass & Rami, 2016; Quinn & Cooc, 2015; Rachel, 2017; Adelson, Dickinson, & Cunningham, 2016; Valant & Newark, 2016; Chmielewski & Reardon, 2016; Katharine & Andrew, 2013; Champion & Mesa, 2017; Salleh & Ahmad, 2009). It is because a parent who has low SES cannot afford effective parenting strategies for their children (Ruth, Hadass & Rami, 2016; Gershenson, 2013). This factor is also a barrier for students enter into tertiary education (Holt & Duffy, 2017). Poverty affects the academic performances of the children in that family (Chmielewski & Reardon, 2016; Salleh & Ahmad, 2009). This factor also affects the learning duration of a child during summer holidays (Quinn, Cooc, Mclntyre, & Gomez, 2016). Economically stable family could send their children to summer programme which is beneficial and help them to achieve higher in academic, whereas lower SES family cannot afford it (David et al, 2016).
5.2.2. Race/Ethnics
Race/ethnic difference among students creates a great achievement gap between them (Rachel, 2017; Adelson, Dickinson, & Cunningham, 2016; Valant & Newark, 2016; Katharine & Andrew, 2013; Champion & Mesa, 2017; Hamid & Hanafiah, 2016; Hanafi, Ahmad, & Ali, 2014). Race/ethnic disparities are a long existing problem for which the solution still cannot be found. The stigma where certain race/ethnic are higher than another is being seeded in humans’ mind by the society or the organization where they belong to. As a consequence, the one that considered to be “lower” race/ethnic, specifically children, do not get their rights as a student in education field. This issue has resulted negatively for the underserved students who are said to be in ‘lower’ race/ethnic in teaching and learning process. This factor also makes it difficult for them to continue their studies in higher education (Holt & Duffy, 2017).
5.2.3. Gender
There is no equal treatment between female students and male students in academics (Adelson, Dickinson, & Cunningham, 2016). Gender norms and stereotypes are very common in academics (Reardon, Kalogrides, Fahle, Podolsky, & Zarate, 2018). Gender inequality occurs when female students are not being served the same as the male students especially in STEM field. Male students are given more priorities when learning STEM subjects in school due to stigma where males are considered to be cleverer and smarter than the female students in STEM subjects. They get more encouragement from the teachers and parents compared to girls when they study STEM subjects. As the result, female students face lower job vacancies in this filed because the community does not believe that the female students are also able to achieve in STEM field as well (Bakker, Torbeyns, Wijns, Verschaffel, & Smedt, 2018; Jane, Ian, & Daniel, 2018).
5.2.4. School System
Some students are being referred as underserved students because of the poor school system (Zielezinski & Hammond, 2016; Sani, 2014). Poor school system is referred to low school funding, underqualified teachers, low quality curriculum, inadequate book supply, insufficient teaching & learning material, tools and poor teaching & learning process (Salleh & Ahmad, 2009; Marzuki, Mapjabi, & Zainol, 2014). School system is a reason for the occurrence of achievement gap amongst students from different demographic factors (Ruth, Hadass, Rami, 2016; Quinn & Cooc, 2015; Schroeder, 2009). A school with low quality and poor facilities could not afford to serve the students who study there for a better learning environment. Students from low quality school have lesser prior knowledge compared to their peers who studied in good quality school (Morgan, Farkas, Hillemeier, & Maczuga, 2016).
5.2.5. Language
Language becomes a problem for underserved students when linguistic isolation occurs (Salleh & Ahmad, 2009). Linguistic isolation means discriminating an individual whose mother tongue is not English or who does not speak English as their first language. These people are called language-minority (LM) students (Drake, 2014). Language becomes a barrier for children in learning process. Parents need to have better vocabulary in their non-native language they can help their children to perform better academically (Quinn & Cooc, 2015). English Language Learners (ELL) are being discriminated because their first language is not English (Adelson, Dickinson, & Cunningham, 2016; Katharine & Andrew, 2013).
5.2.6. First Generation
First generation refers to children who are born to immigrant parents. They are called as the ‘first generation’ who born in that particular country. There are many obstacles faced by the first generation children, especially in academics ( Finley & McNair, 2013; Hart Research Associates, 2015; David et al., 2016). Lack of parental guidance makes first generation students perform poorly in academics. Parents who has permanent resident status spend more quality interaction with their children during summer break because they spend less hour in work compared to immigrant parents. Whereas, children from first generation family cannot spend more quality hours with their parents as they have to work over time or do more than one job to support the family. This ended up in first generation children spend more time viewing television during summer and this even widen the achievement gap in school (Gershenson, 2013).
5.3. Year of Report
Researcher has selected articles from year 2009 to 2019. Four elements and six issues which had been reported throughout this 11 years. The details are shown in Table 6:
Throughout this 11 years, demography is the only element that been reoccurring frequently for research trends in underserved students issue. It means the issues in demography element such as SES, race/ethnics and gender play a huge role in widening the achievement gap of underserved students. Those issues need to be paid more attention in order to prevent any worse situation for underserved students in academics.
5.4. Researcher Reports
48 issue had been reported from 20 articles relating underserved students. Table 7 shows the researcher and the number of reported issues.
Quinn & Cooc (2015), Finley & McNair, (2013), Hart Research Associates (2015) are the three collaboration reporters who integrated the most issues in one article. The number of issues which had been intergraded by them in a single article is four. Whereas, Borman, Grigg, & Hanselman, (2016), Gershenson, (2013), Merel et al., (2016) talked only about one issue in an article.
6. Discussion and Conclusion
From this study, the elements and issues that create a wider achievement gap between underserved students and the normal students are revealed. Demographical element is the most popular one in this underserved students issue. In this modern era, the discrimination based on SES, race/ethnic and gender is still “being planted” within them and it cannot be changed easily. This stigma affects the underserved students by not letting them get academic opportunities which they supposed to get. Low SES students, children from the race or ethnic which considered to be “lower” and female students usually pay the price for this stigma ( Berkowitz, Moore, Astor, & Benbenishty, 2017; Quinn & Cooc, 2015; Rachel, 2017; Adelson, Dickinson, & Cunningham, 2016; Valant & Newark, 2016; Chmielewski & Reardon, 2016; Katharine & Andrew, 2013; Champion & Mesa, 2017).
Besides, poor school system also makes teaching and learning experience
Table 6. Year of reported issuesbased on elements.
Table 7. Number of reported issues based on researcher reports.
worst for the children who study there. Poor school system or management that is not paid any attention will make the students who study there be left out. The society or the community is also not able to help the school to get a better system because it needs many resources and it is not an overnight achievement to do so (Berkowitz, Moore, Astor, & Benbenishty, 2017; Quinn & Cooc, 2015; Schroeder, 2009). Language and first generation issues are often faced by the immigrants. They face difficulties during learning a language which is not their mother tongue. The proficiency of language, especially English affects their performances in academics although they can understand certain topics ( Quinn & Cooc, 2015; Adelson, Dickinson, & Cunningham, 2016; Katharine & Andrew, 2013).
There are a lot of ways to overcome issues faced by underserved students to bridge the achievement gap. Tertiary education institution needs to loosen up the criteria or be lenient to underserved students to help them graduate. For example, education fee can be reduced for underserved students as they normally come from lower SES family. This will encourage them to continue their higher studies (U.S. Department of Education, 2016; Rendon, 2006). Besides, colleges also can assess the students based on prior learning assessment (PLA). PLA is a special privilege given by college management to give “free” credit hours for underserved students. Attending extra curricular activities such as community service and volunteering after college hours are being calculated as credit hours for underserved students. Certain credit hours are being covered by PLA for them. This helps the underserved students who do not have enough money to continue their studies until the final semester. By applying this method, they also can graduate on time with their peers (Collions, 2011).
With the help of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) underserved students will be able to continue their higher education across international borders. Distance learning being common in Asia, a region where many developing countries are. It helps learners who stay in rural area to get equal opportunities in education as those from developed areas. Most of the distance learning includes online programmes which allows students to learn from their home. The lecturers also get paid extra to deliver quality teaching for online learners (Molly, 2016; Clothey, 2010).
Today’s education environment more likely instils 21st century learning skills in every learning individuals. One of the most popular learning skill is the 4C’s which has collaboration and communication elements in it. It is a great opportunity for underserved students who are being online learners to improve both communication and collaboration skills through videoconferencing and virtual live lectures. The cost will also be minimal. Moreover, it is a great gateway for underserved students who get discriminated by their genders, for example in Saudi Arabia where female students are allowed to communicate and collaborate with male lecturers without being seen by them (Clothey, 2010).
Policy makers also need to come forward to do some changes in current policies to create more rational and liberal government. They have to be aware of the needs and priorities of underserved students to ensure no citizens are left behind in their country, especially in education fields. It’s a responsibility of every policy makers to practice ‘education is for all’ perception in their respective countries ( Gershenson, 2013;
In future, this research can be continued by focusing demography elements alone. It is because demography factor alone gives such a strong impact onunderservedstudents’ achievement gap in academics. Moreover, researchers can be more focused on ways to overcome this global issue rather than talking about the factors deeply.