Genetic Nature of the “Hanthoviresens” Mutation of l - 4 Yellow Line—Transforming into Green and Their Relationship with the Chlorophylls Content ()
1. Introduction
The chlorophyll content in plant leaves is an important ecological and physiological indicator in assessing their photosynthetic fertility.
As a result of studying natural and experimental chlorophyll mutations [1] - [7], the types of mutations were classified into four large groups and 16 subgroups. Virisens from the third group of the above groups turn green in violation of normal chlorophyll. Its phenotypic manifestation (xanthoviresens) in plants with yellow leaves turns into normal green leaves in ontogenesis, and such a mutation is noted as “havirs”. As a result of studying a similar mutation in cotton [6] [8] [9], the gene that shows the “hantha” phenotype is recessive, and tenacious in the heterozygous state, but in the recessive homozygous state, it leads to death.
2. Materials and Methods
In the mutant line that we are analyzing, yellow leaves turn yellow during the ontogenetic period and become dark green during puberty with dark brown. This mutant form was taken from the gene pool of the Uzbek Institute for Cotton and Seed Breeding under the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources of the Republic of Uzbekistan (collection No. 011276) and belongs to the Viresent Nankin America selection and was isolated for several years by self-pollination of the “viresent” mutant of the “hanthoviresens” phenotype at the Institute genetics and experimental plant biology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan is still preserved in the form of the L-4 line. According to the literature, this mutant is recessive in nature [5]. The second line, L-3, has a characteristic anthocyanin color and was isolated by self-pollination from the Rowden Mawloni collection form of the Institute of Genetics and Experimental Plant Biology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Anthocyanin colors in the stem, in the vessels of leaves, the flowers are yellowish, and the boxes are green. In the form of leaves, both lines of five lobed, fruit branches are unlimited. The fiber of the L-4 line is dark brown, and the L-3 is white. Line L-3 has the rprpRvstRvst genotype, according to the literature on anthocyanin color [2]. As a result of mutual hybridization of these lines, reciprocal F1 plants were obtained; the following is an analysis of the results obtained in studying the inheritance of plant color and the chlorophyll content of F1 and F2 plants.
The chlorophyll content was determined on an SF-16 spectrometer using 80% acetone. In this case, 633 nm and 645 nm were used for chlorophyll [7].
3. Results
Plants of the first generation of lines L-4 and L-3 have a phenotype of greenish plants, yellow color does not appear, and color of the fiber is intermediate i.e. light beige color. Hybrid analysis shows that hanthoviresens are a recessive mutation, the color of the fiber is inherited by an incomplete dominant state, on hybrids F1 L-4 × L-3 and L-3 × L-4, according to the studied traits, they do not have reciprocal differences.
By the amount of chlorophyll, the L-4 and L-3 lines are very different (Table 1). Chlorophyll “a” + “b” in the L-4 line is −0.54 ± 0.06, “a” −0.36 ± 0.04, “b” −0.18 ± 0.02, “a” + “b” in the line L-3 −1.70 ± 0.37 “a” −1.16 ± 0.11, “b” −0.62 ± 0.15. Plants of the first generation at L-4 × L-3 − “a” + “b” − 1.1.35 ± 0.06, “a” −0.89 ± 0.04, “b” −0.56 ± 0.04, domination coefficient h = 0.43, 0.1, 0.73, 0.40, 0.32, 0.23, respectively, and in both cases, incomplete dominance of the line with high indices was observed.
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Table 1. “Hanthoviresens”—hereditary mutation of yellowish green and its relationship to chlorophyll.
Of the 63 studied F2 plants, the color of the plants could be divided into three phenotypic groups: −9 with anthocyanin, green −33 and yellow −21 with a ratio of 1:2:1. χ2 = 6102, P-0.20 - 0.05. This indicates that the parent forms differ in allelic states of the same gene. The amount of chlorophyll in F2 plants was as follows: −“a” + “b” − X = 0.79 ± 0.04, “a” −0.49 ± 0.03, “b” −0.32 ± 0.04. Variability was found high. In phenotypic color groups of F2 plants, one can trace the peculiar patterns in inheritance by the content of chlorophyll. The highest indicator by this characteristic in the leaves of green plants is “a” + “b” − X = 0.99 ± 0.02, “a” − X = 0.62 ± 0.03, “b” − X = 0.40 ± 0.02 degree of variability is high. In second place are plants with anthocyanins (similar to the L-3 line), “a” + “b” − X = 0.92 ± 0.06, “a” − X = 0.50 ± 0.04 and “b” − X = −0.42 ± 0.03; in plants with yellow color, it was similar to the L-4 line, i.e. “a” + “b” − X = 0.56 ± 0.03, “a” − X = 0.35 ± 0.02, “b” − X = 0.22 ± 0.02, it was established that the variability index V is very high (Table 1). Experimental data show that in this hybrid combination, the parent forms differ significantly from each other in the total chlorophyll content.
Therefore, it was noted that the indicator of dominance in reciprocal plants F1 is the hp intermediate level, and it is oriented towards the L-3 line. Given the phenotypic groups highlighted in F2, the higher the sign, the more green leafy plants for phenotypic groups. Since this plant group contains the heterozygous state of the xavirs mutation, these plants are homozygous for greenish-yellow plants, but are well developed in green anthocyanin. In plants with yellow color during ontogenesis, the return of leaves to the green state has the highest rate.
These arguments indicate that the genes involved in the development of chlorophyll in certain L-4 and anthocyanin-L-3 lines are located on the chromosomes of the
dependence group, and they, due to recombination at F1, observe the level of high variability in F2 in terms of content chlorophyll “a”, as well as this indicator in plants with a green group, is proved by the level of high variability. The inheritance of “hnahta” chlorophyll, as a result of studying its biosynthesis [4], changes in gene expression during the photosynthetic apparatus during the synthesis of 5-aminolevullic acid in glutamic acid in chloroplast plants or in pigment-protein structures in chloroplast plants and in leaf ontogenesis, chlorophyll levels can be reduced to a certain leaf surface. According to our data, the difference in the chlorophyll content in the leaves of reciprocal F1 plants is not associated with a mutation in the L-4 line, mainly due to changes in the nuclear gene.