Mothers’ Knowledge of Health Caring for Premature Infants after Discharge from Neonatal Intensive Care Units in the Gaza Strip, Palestine ()
1. Background
Premature birth is one that occurs before the start of the 37th week of pregnancy. Premature babies, especially those born very early, often have complicated medical problems leading admission to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) [1] . The sensitivity of preterm stage lies in the development of body systems in this period, especially the nervous system consequently irrecoverable damage could be happening in this age [2] . Earlier research indicated that preterm neonate readmission to NICU due to jaundice, respiratory morbidities, temperature instability, hypoglycemia, and sepsis which may reach preterm neonatal death. The majority of infant morbidity and mortality are caused by parental unconsciousness, particularly insufficient maternal knowledge or misunderstanding of maternal and newborn care during this period. Thus, having a mother to necessary knowledge about health caring for premature infants after discharge from neonatal intensive care units is crucial [3] .
Worldwide, 4 million newborns are dying in the first month of life, the vast majority of them from developing countries [4] [5] . While neonatal morbidity and mortality are multi-factorial, maternal awareness and training are among the most significant factors [6] [7] .
The World Health Organization in 1988 has been issued the postnatal care recommendations focusing on preterm babies care in order to promote the mothers’ knowledge in required preterm infants-related health care issues at home [8] . According to the Palestinian ministry of health reports, preterm neonates in 2016 accounted for 40.1% of NICUs admitted neonates [9] . In the Gaza strip, the infant mortality rate, which is the number of babies that die before they reach four weeks, reached 19.6 per 1000 live births [10] . Therefore, understanding the association between sociodemographic and economic factors affecting mothers’ knowledge of health caring for premature infants post-discharge from neonatal intensive care units may be helpful in mitigating premature mortality and improve prognosis outcomes among them. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study, which examined mothers’ knowledge of health caring for premature infants after discharge from neonatal intensive care units and related-factors in the Gaza strip, Palestine.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
The current descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the main two NICUs which serve a vast portion of neonates in the Gaza strip between February and June 2018. The first located in Al-Shifa medical complex in Gaza governorate and the second situated in Nasser hospital in Khan Younis governorate.
2.2. Study Tool
A twenty-one items structured questionnaire was used to gather information about sociodemographic characteristics and mother’s knowledge about health caring for premature infants post-discharge from Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. The questionnaire was developed according to the previous literature review [11] [12] [13] . The questionnaire composed of three parts, the first part was dedicated to collect information regarding sociodemographic characteristics of the participant mothers whereas the second part was allocated to gather information about mothers education about premature infants health care post-discharge from NICU, and the third part investigates mothers knowledge concerning breastfeeding, infection prevention, vaccination, jaundice, temperature regulation, and umbilical cord care after discharge from NICU (Appendix 1). Content validity of the questionnaire was attained by five experts from different fields related to nursing, medicine, and public health. Afterward, the questionnaire was piloted among 15 mothers. Minor modifications were done after the pilot examination to guarantee its suitability and constancy. This internal consistency reliability of the questionnaire was computed statistically by Cronbach’s alpha test which was over 0.7. Then, the questionnaire translated in Arabic language (mother tongue) in order to facilitate the responding of participants.
2.3. Sample Size and Sampling Process
According to the annual report issued by the Palestinian ministry of health [2] , approximately thirty preterm neonates are discharged from the two selected NICUs every month. Since our study was conducted over five months, the study population is 150 mothers.
The representative sample size in the present study was calculated by the following formula [14] .
(1)
where,
= Standard normal variate (Z value is 1.095 for a 95 percent confidence level). p = Response distribution (50%). d = Margin of error (5%).
The convenient sample size was 120 mothers of preterm neonates discharged from NICUs. Sixty mothers were selected from Al-Shifa medical complex while the other sixty mothers were selected from Nasser hospital. A face-to-face interview was carried out at the time of preterm neonates discharge. Data were collected by two qualified data collectors who were aware of the purpose of the study. The average time for filling the questionnaire was 10 - 15 minutes.
2.4. Eligibility Criteria
The interview was carried out only in case of a mother with a preterm neonate will be discharged from NICU.
2.5. Ethical Considerations
The study protocol was approved by the Helsinki Ethical Committee in the Gaza Strip (Code: PHRC/HC/327/18). Written permission was sought and granted by the Palestinian ministry of health to conduct the study in NICUs at Al-Shifa medical complex and Nasser hospital. Likewise, mothers consent was gained after explaining the purpose of the study and they were not obliged to answer any questions which they did not like and were free to terminate the interview at any given time.
2.6. Statistical Analysis
The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 22 was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics of frequency and percentage, and mean and standard deviation were performed for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. The independent samples t-test was applied to investigate the differences between means. The chi-square test was used to determine the statistically significant differences between the different categorical variables.
3. Results
3.1. Mothers’ Sociodemographic Characteristics
In this study, 120 mothers of preterm neonates who discharged from NICUs at Al-Shifa medical complex and Nasser hospital were enrolled. Almost 46.7% of the mothers were belonging to the age group 20 - 30 years. Most of the mothers (74.2%) were housewives. The participated mothers were residing the five governorates of the Gaza strip as follows 11.7 from Rafah, 33.3% from Khan Younis, 9.2% were from the Middle area. 32.5% from Gaza governorate and 13.3% from the North Gaza governorate. Moreover, the surveyed mothers have distributed fifty-fifty percent to the two included NICUs. Around 74.2% of the mothers had less than 3 children whereas 25.8% had 4 - 7 children. Fifty percent of surveyed mothers had a secondary education level and a small percentage (5.8%) of mothers were living within households had monthly income more than 2000 New Israeli Shekel (NIS), the local currency (Table 1).
3.2. Education of Mothers about Premature Infants Health Care Post-Discharge from NICU
Almost 62.5% of study participants have received information concerning premature infant care post-discharge from NICU, 65% of those who received information revealed that nurses in NICU provided them with the needed information. About 85.3% received the education unilaterally not within a group of mothers. Only (30.8) of participants reported that they provided with a brochure explaining information about premature care post-discharge from NICU (Table 2).
3.3. Mothers’ Knowledge of Health Caring for Premature Infants after Discharge from NICU
The mean percentage of good knowledge of items related to breastfeeding was 54.2%, Infection prevention was 73.3%, vaccination was 60.2%, jaundice was 67.1%, temperature regulation was 50%, and umbilical cord care was 46%. Furthermore, the mean overall percentage of mothers’ knowledge of health caring for premature infants after discharge from NICU was 58.4% (Table 3).
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Table 1. Mothers’ sociodemographic characteristics.
1 USD ≈ 3.5 NIS.
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Table 2. Mothers’ education about premature infants health care post-discharge from NICU.
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Table 3. Mothers’ knowledge of health caring for premature infants after discharge from NICU.
3.4. The Association between Mothers’ Socio-Demographic Variables and Knowledge Level Regarding Preterm Health Care Post-Discharge from NICU
Unexpectedly, the results revealed that there were no significant associations between mother’s sociodemographic characteristics and education of mothers about premature infants health care post-discharge from NICU and their knowledge about preterm care after discharge from NICU (P-values > 0.05) (Table 4).
4. Discussion
The mean overall percentage of mothers’ knowledge of health caring for premature infants after discharge from NICU was 58.4%. Even though our result exceeded the fifty percent, the fact that premature infants are vulnerable group, accordingly level of mothers’ knowledge of health care for premature infants post-discharge from NICU in this study looks unacceptable. A similar conclusion was drawn by Adib-Hajbaghery and his colleague (2017) as the total score about knowledge of mothers about post-discharge newborn care in Shahid Beheshti Hospital of Kashan, Iran was 63% [11] . Consistent findings also found by Akimana (2017) study which showed that the mean overall percentage of mothers awareness on the care of their preterm infant at discharge from a neonatal intensive care unit in a selected referral hospital in the northern province of Rwanda was 57.3% [12] . A study to assess the knowledge of mothers on home-based neonatal care at a selected area of rural Bangalore as well indicated that only 14.2% of mothers had adequate knowledge on home-based neonatal care [13] . Besides, their outcomes indicated the need for founding plans to
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Table 4. The association between mother’s sociodemographic associations and their knowledge about preterm care after discharge from NICU.
*Independent sample t test. One USD ≈ 3.5 NIS.
launch a system of maternity training in all hospitals for all mothers about baby care pre- and post-natal.
Unexpectedly, in the current study revealed that there were no significant associations between mother’s sociodemographic characteristics and education of mothers about premature infants health care post-discharge from NICU and their knowledge about preterm care after discharge from NICU. Nonetheless, a recent systematic review conducted by Mohini and Shetty (2017) showed that mother’s education, occupation, source of information had a highly significant relationship with their knowledge [13] . Nevertheless, family income of the mothers was not associated with their knowledge. The mother’s knowledge, education, occupation, and source of information were significantly associated with their knowledge of home-based neonatal care. Furthermore, Adib-Hajbaghery and Khosrojerdi, (2017) reported that the mothers’ education level, age, and place of residence could predict their knowledge of neonatal care [11] . Several studies have shown that mothers with more children have better knowledge about newborn care [15] , however, Esmaeeli (2013) showed that mothers with 2 or 3 children had a higher level of knowledge comported those who had less than two children [16] .
Previous research has stated that mothers’ awareness about newborn care was improved by getting older [17] [18] . In addition, in the present study, mean percentage of good knowledge of items related to breastfeeding was 54.2%, Infection prevention was 73.3%, vaccination was 60.2%, jaundice was 67.1%, temperature regulation was 50%, and umbilical cord care was 46%. A study in Sri Lanka explored the variables related with mothers awareness of newborn care among hospital-delivered mothers and revealed that though more than ninety percent of mothers were knew of the pros of breastfeeding, only 21% aware appropriate umbilical cord care [19] . In Adib-Hajbaghery and Khosrojerdi (2017), the majority of mothers were aware of the optimal means for newborn feeding, preventing post-feeding regurgitation, baby laying, the suitable time for supplementary nutrition, neonatal jaundice, and umbilical cord care. Nonetheless, two studies in Nigeria [20] and Turkey [21] have stated that most mothers were not aware of the appropriate neonatal jaundice care and management. Preceding studies in other countries showed that mothers may take care of their infants according to their improper beliefs or by consulting of their relatives without any medical consultation [21] [22] . Our finding regarding the lack of association between mothers’ knowledge about post-discharge newborn care and their employment status was in agreement with a study conducted by Amolo et al., (2017) who found no significant difference in the level of knowledge among various employment categories [23] . Conversely, Esmaeeli (2013) found that the employed mother had a higher level of knowledge (60%) compared with housewife mother (40%) [16] .
In our study, there was no significant difference between mothers who received health education and those who did not receive. This result could be explained by the shortcoming of the current educational programs. Hence, the study emphasizes the necessity of thoughtful exchange of health information between team members and mothers and establishing pre- and post-discharge plans with mothers to start their healthy transition of the preterm neonate to home and to ameliorate family concerns. The findings of Amolo et al., (2017) were inconsistent with ours as he found that the majority of mothers who received health education had adequate knowledge about essential care [23] .
The main strength of our study was it is being the first study conducting in the Gaza strip to assess the mother’s knowledge of health care for premature infants after discharge from neonatal intensive care units. On the other hand, it also has some noteworthy limitations as many independent factors may affect the mother’s knowledge were not studies. Hereafter, further future investigations including more potential confounding factors are recommended.
5. Conclusion
In this study, mothers’ knowledge of health care for premature infants after discharge from neonatal intensive care units was not at the ideal level putting the newborns at risk. In spite of there were no significant associations between mother’s sociodemographic characteristics and their knowledge about preterm care after discharge from NICU, we suggest founding a well-planned maternal education program to bridge the knowledge gap about preterm infants care and grantee the healthy transition of preterm neonate to home and to ameliorate family concerns.
Acknowledgements
The General Directorate of Human Resources Development in the Palestinian Ministry of Health and the NICUs at al Al-Shifa medical complex and Nasser hospital are appreciated for their cooperation and giving us this opportunity to conduct the study. Also, we are grateful to all the mothers who participated in this study.
Appendix: Questionnaire