Investigation of Combustion Characteristics of Premixed Propane/Air Flame ()
1. Introduction
Atmospheric pollution has become a worldwide concern. This concern led to the consideration of investigating effects of combustion products of fossil fuels which produces a large amount of emissions to the atmosphere. It then became evident that the major species that would affect the ozone balance were the oxides of nitrogen NOx as well as carbon oxides (COx) [1] [2] . One major source of such pollutants is automobile exhaust which uses fossil fuels (hydrocarbons) in their combustion systems to produce energy [3] [4] . So great interest remains in predicting and reducing these emissions, at elevated Temperatures (T) and Pressures (P).
So, understanding combustion process is an essential issue to control such emissions from industrial plants and engines as well. It is a fast exothermic gas-phase process and the initiated flame is a result of combustion reaction which can propagate sub sonically through combustion chamber. The motion of the flame relative to the unburned gas is the important feature. The reaction zone is usually called the flame front. This flame characteristic of spatial propagation is the result of the strong coupling between chemical reaction, the transport processes of mass diffusion and heat conduction, and fluid flow. The generation of heat and active species accelerate the chemical reaction. When these processes are in balance, a steady-state flame results [5] . The aim of combustion devices is to produce high temperatures for heat or power generation whilst producing the least pollutant emissions, under controllable conditions. Lean premixed combustion succeeds largely in the first count, whilst coming up short regarding the range of operable conditions. In internal combustion engines, lean combustion provides high efficiencies (due to the high specific heat ratio of air) and low emissions (due to low temperatures), but poor stability. In spark ignition engines, limits to stability can be overcome by injecting additional fuel in strategic locations near the spark plug, with penalties associated with the production of NOx and particulate matter. In gas turbines and other continuous flow devices, stability is often achieved by providing a richer pilot zone, again at the expense of higher emissions. In other cases, even though premixed conditions are the aim, limited time for evaporation and mixing creates nonuniformities short in fuel concentrations. In all of these situations, the final mixture will react under conditions where there is a range of equivalence ratios or mixture fractions over which the reaction will take place [6] . It then becomes an essential issue to conduct researches at an elevated conditions, which might help to understand the nature of such emissions, and more important the effective ways of minimizing its formation rates [7] [8] . This was done via using Computational Model (CM), at different high pressures and temperatures.
2. Evaluating Emissions Concentrations from Burned Fuel
The most important considerations when predicting NOx and COx emissions for any hydrocarbon fuel are specifying the initial conditions for the combustion system which produces such emissions when burning used fuel. These conditions include pressures and temperatures initial values at each calculation run. Another way of evaluating such emissions is by calculating Emission Index, “EI” Which is defined as the ratio of mass of specifies “i”, to mass of burned fuel by the combustion processes [1] . This concept is demonstrated by applying Equation (1);
(1)
where,
: Emission Index;
: mass of Emitted specie;
: mass of burned fuel.
For hydrocarbons fuel, “EI”, can be determined from concentration mole fraction measurement of species of interest, together with those of all carbon atoms containing species.
(2)
where,
: molecular weight of burned fuel;
: Molecular weight of emitted specie.
Term 1 in RHS of Equation (2) represents number of moles of specie, “i” per mole of carbon atoms originated in the fuel, where Term 2 represents the conversion of Carbon moles to fuel moles.
In this work, CM method was applied. All thermodynamic processes had to be specified. The process was chosen to be “adiabatic temperature and composition at constant volume” which is identical to those in internal combustion engines [5] [8] . The chemical reactions approach which lead to formation of such emissions is beyond the scope of this work, more details can be found in [9] [10] . The mentioned model above, was capable to calculate all adiabatic temperatures and equilibrium compositions for flames at all pressures and temperatures. Three different mixture of propane-air with different equivalence ratios (0.8, 1.0, 1.2) were proposed to study effects of fuel composition. The used model requires an input parameter in order to run the calculations. These parameters include initial temperature and pressure (Tu, Pu), Equivalence ratio f (0.8, 1.0 and 1.2), and the thermodynamic process at which these calculations will be run at which is mentioned above. An important parameter is Heat of Combustion extracted from the fuel, Q (kJ/kg), in each run was also calculated for each mixture.
3. Results and Discussion
1) Three different air-fuel mixtures have been used for propane fuel (C3H8), to evaluate the amount of emissions produced in mole fraction from combustion process for this fuel. First mixture was lean, (f = 0.8), second one was stoichiometry, (f = 1.0), and the third mixture was rich, (f = 1.2). Emissions species were, Nitrogen Oxide (NO), Carbon monoxide (CO) and Carbon dioxide (CO2). Numerical calculated results were plotted in Figures 1-3, at different pressures and temperatures ranging from 5 - 40 bars and 350 - 600 K, respectively.
2) Results showed that the highest values of CO emissions were produced from rich mixtures of propane-air flames (f = 1.2), where lean mixtures (f = 0.8) produced the least values of CO emissions. This is shown in Figure 1, for all pressures and temperatures.
3) On the other hand, CO2 emissions were noticed to be maximum values for stoichiometry (f = 1.0) mixtures and minimum values for rich mixtures (f = 1.2). This is shown in Figure 2. Results also showed that CO2 values shortly increased
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Figure 1. CO emissions mole fraction (%) for propane mixtures (f = 0.8, f = 1.0 and f = 1.2) at initial pressure and temperature, Po, To ranging (5 - 40) bar and (350 - 650) K.
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Figure 2. CO2 emissions mole fraction (%) for propane mixtures (f = 0.8, f = 1.0 and f = 1.2) at initial pressure and temperature, Po, To ranging (5 - 40) bar and (350 - 650) K.
but then decreased as pressures and temperatures values increased for the stoichiometry (f = 1.0) mixtures.
4) Shown in Figure 3, NO emissions produced by propane-air flames. It was found that the highest values were for the lean mixtures (f = 0.8), and the least ones were for rich mixtures (f = 1.2). Results also showed that for all three mixtures, NO emissions increases with increased pressure and temperature.
5) Finally, heat of combustion, Q (kJ/kg), was calculated for every mixture at all pressures and temperatures. The results were plotted in Figure 4. It was clear
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Figure 3. NO emissions mole fraction (%) for propane mixtures (f = 0.8, f = 1.0 and f = 1.2) at initial pressure and temperature, Po, To ranging (5 - 40) bar and (350 - 650) K.
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Figure 4. Heat of combustion, Q, for propane mixtures (f = 0.8, f = 1.0 and f = 1.2) at initial pressure and temperature, Po, To ranging (5 - 40) bar and (350 - 650) K.
that rich mixtures of propane produced the highest values of combustion heat, Q, where minimum values was found to be for lean mixtures. Results also showed that fairly sharp increase in Q values as pressure and temperature increase for all three mixtures.
4. Conclusions
In this paper, a computational model “CM” was used to evaluate emissions produced from propane fuel. These emissions include CO, CO2, and NO for three different equivalence ratios: lean (f = 0.8), stoichiometry (f = 1.0), and rich (f = 1.2) mixtures at different pressures and temperatures. It was quite evident from the outcomes of this study that concentrations of propane fuel (f) for the three mixtures have strong influences on the amount of produced emissions at the end of each combustion process. It was also found that it has strong influences on the amount of combustion heat (Q), for each mixture.
Obtained results show that pressure increase has remarkable effects on NO formation rate, and very slight effects on COx formation rates.
Propane fuel has good wide range of flammability limits. This is clear from the fact that when increasing temperatures, pressures, and mixture strength, there was no negative effect on ignition process.
This study showed that propane fuel produced decent values of combustion heat, Q, with gradual increase for all conditions without any sudden changes which is a strong indication for a stable combustion at all conditions even with high temperatures and pressures which normally causes instabilities in combustion process for other hydrocarbon fuels.
Finally, the current study may help in developing an optimum design of combustion devices to ensure good mixing and turbulence with high efficiency combustion also in selecting type of fuel in order to minimize pollutants emissions and avoid auto ignition and knocking which may damage combustion devices.