Clinical Evaluation of Hearing Loss and Tinnitus in Secretory Otitis Media ()
1. Background
SOM can be defined as the presence of middle ear effusion (serous, purulent, mucoid, or a mixture of these) in the absence of acute ear infection [1] . Persistent middle-ear fluid caused by SOM results in decreased mobility of the tympanic membrane and dysfunctional sound conduction [2] . The SNHL is commonly observed in chronic otitis media (COM) patients confirmed by the evidence that much more severe pathological changes appeared in the basal turns of the cochlea [3] . In addition, the studies also found that otitis media related SNHL accounts for 1% - 9% of cases [4] [5] [6] [7] . Clinically, we found the same thing which came across in the SOM patients. Some SOM patients usually complain about tinnitus accompanied with a sensation of hearing loss and ear fullness, which could not be totally cured and eliminated after receiving the therapy of myringotomy with or without tube insertion [6] .
The mechanism of tinnitus is involved in the auditory input to the auditory nervous system. As the major kinds of abnormalities resulted from the loss of input and neural plasticity, hyperactivity auditory pathway, re-organization (re-mapping) of neural structures and re-routing of sensory information [8] may make the contribution to the development of severe tinnitus. As the hearings of patients with SOM could be restored after surgery, we hypothesized that the tinnitus symptoms could be postoperatively alleviated. Therefore, the present research was carried out to evaluate the potential changes about tinnitus as well as analyze the correlation between tinnitus and hearing loss.
2. Methods
2.1. Material
The proposed study was conducted in patients with unilateral secretory otitis media accompanied with tinnitus who received myringotomy or inserting ventilation tube between February 2015 and January 2016 in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China, and all of them were performed by one senior surgeon. Among this cohort, patients with tinnitus just in the non-operative sides or with unfinished data in their preoperative medical records were not involved. Inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) SOM is limited to just one side rather than both sides; 2) Tinnitus is lateralized on the SOM affected side or non-lateralized behind the onset of SOM. Exclusive criteria were: 1) with teeth orcraniocervical muscular diseases; 2) with nasopharyngeal carcinoma , acoustic neuroma, brain-stem tumor, infarction and multiple sclerosis; 3) possessing a history of sensorineural hearing loss, suppurative otitis media, otosclerosis, Meniere’s disease and vertigo history; 4) with a history of special drug therapy such as aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, aminoglycosides and vancomycin as well as chemotherapeutics and loop diuretics; 5) with metabolic and psychogenic disease. All the patients were arranged for physical and ENT special examinations, laryngoscopy and temporal high-resolution CT scan preoperatively. Audiologic evaluation by pure tone audiometry was carried out prior to and 3 months after the surgery. Bone-conduction hearing levels at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz were recorded and the average bone-conduction threshold was calculated according to 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 kHz frequency. In the meanwhile, THI scores were also recorded to investigate the potential changes about tinnitus.
2.2. Statistical Analysis
The analysis of all the data was made with the application of SPSS software (ver. 16.0), and p-value less than 0.05 was considered to have statistical significance. In particular, paired t test was not only used for the comparison of the BC threshold and tinnitus/THI scores between the affected ear and non-affected ear, but also for the affected ear preoperatively and postoperatively. At the same time, Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation among average BC threshold, ABG and tinnitus/THI scores.
3. Results
3.1. Clinical Characteristics of Patients with SOM
The mean age of the SOM patients enrolled in the proposed study (34 cases) was 43.8 ± 16.5 years old, and the SOM history lasted for 3 - 14 months (mean 8 months). 6 cases had been treated with myringotomy during the earlier therapy. Among them, 13 cases reported that their tinnitus symptoms appeared in the affected ears and the rest (21 cases) stated tinnitus from both sides of the ear or the head. Table 1 showed the characteristics of all the patients.
3.2. Analysis of BC Frequencies between Affected and Non-Affected Side Preoperatively
Overall, the average BC threshold of the affected side for SOM patients (18.3 ± 10.7 dBHL) was obviously higher than that of the non-affected side (16.6 ± 8.8 dBHL) (t = 3.18, p = 0.04). However, when the BC threshold in each frequency was compared between the affected side and non-affected side one by one, significant difference could just be seen in 2 kHz (t = 3.51, p = 0.001), as shown in Figure 1(a) and Table 2.
3.3. Analysis of THI Score, BC Hearing Frequencies between Pre and Postoperative of SOM Affected Side
Although five cases were lost to follow-up, the mean THI score of the remaining patients after operation was 16.3 ± 5.2, which was obviously lower than that of patients prior to the surgery (23.9 ± 6.4) (t = 7.21, p = 0.00). In the meanwhile, the mean value of BC average threshold for the preoperative patients in the affected side (16.8 ± 8.0 dBHL) was remarkably lower than that for the postoperative patients (16.0 ± 7.8 dBHL) (t = 3.18, p = 0.004). Furthermore, according to Table 3 and Figure 1(b), significant differences concerning preoperative and postoperative BC hearing levels could be found in all frequencies except for 0.25
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Figure 1. Analysis of BC frequencies (a) between affected and non-affected side preoperatively; (b) between pre and postoperative of OME affected side.
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Table 1. Patient Characteristics. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.
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Table 2. Analysis of BC frequencies between affected and non-affected side preoperatively.
Compared to affected side: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.
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Table 3. Analysis of BC frequencies between pre and postoperative of OME affected side.
Compared to preoperative: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.
kHz, suggesting that the BC hearing levels could be improved for the SOM patients postoperatively.
3.4. Correlation between THI Scores and BC Hearing Frequencies, THI Scores and ABG
Our findings demonstrated that THI score given from SOM patients shows strong correlation with overall average BC threshold (r = 0.37, p = 0.03) (Figure 2(a)) and the specific BC threshold in the frequency of 2 kHz (r = 0.42, p = 0.01) (Figure 2(b)), respectively. In addition, THI score was significantly associated with ABG (r = 0.60, p < 0.01) (Figure 2(c)).
3.5. Typical Case
During the study period, BC hearing frequency of one patient among the 34 patients presenting tinnitus before surgery returned to their normal states after the therapy. The typical audiogram could be found in Figure 3.
4. Discussion
The etiological relationship between SNHL and Otitis Media (OM), consisting of Acute Otitis Media (AOM) [5] [9] [10] , Chronic Otitis Media (COM) [6] [11] [12] , Otitis Media with Anti-neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA) [13] , Eosinophilic Otitis Media (EOM) [14] , cholesteatoma with labyrinthine fistula [15] and reflux-related otitis media [16] , has been reported by numerous researchers. However, studies between SNHL and SOM are relatively rare. It was reported that the BC hearing loss could reach 25 dB or even higher level at any
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Figure 2. (a) Correction between Average BC hearing frequency and THI score; (b) Correction between BC frequency in 2 kHz and THI score; (c) Correction between ABG and THI score.
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Figure 3. Audiogram of typical case (a) preoperatively; (b) postoperatively.
frequency from 0.25 kHz to 4 kHz for the SOM patients in comparison with normal cases. Personally, the shortage refers to that some obscure SNHL might be neglected.
All the patients enrolled were suffered from SOM totally confined to the single side and the comparison was taken between the affected side and non-affected side. Using this method, we excluded the presbyacusis, otosclerosis as well as some diseases leading to BC loss of both sides. Subsequently, our study indicates that SNHL were found in the affected sides of SOM cases, compared with their counterparts, which conformed to the result of Harada [4] . The inner and middle ear are connected mainly based on the round and oval windows. In addition, these membranes may allow several toxins in the middle ear to pass through, from which we may account for why SOM could result in SNHL.
Tinnitus can be defined as a sound perception in the absence of sound input external to the patient. Subjective tinnitus is considered as the most common type, which is audible only to the patient, without internal or external sound input [17] . The etiology of tinnitus is frequently multifactorial, yet hearing loss is the most risk factors in a lot of cases, [18] . Tinnitus remains as a common problem for patients with chronic otitis media, of which the incidence was reported as 43% [19] . However, tinnitus could also be a puzzle for patients with SOM, bringing about inner ear deficits to some extent. Our results demonstrated that the THI symptom, correlated with conductive hearing loss, was reduced but not eliminated after the operation, showing consistence with the result of Kim [19] , indicating that tinnitus in SOM has partial correlation with the SNHL.
Briefly, simultaneous improvements of tinnitus symptom and SHHL verify the hypothesis that inner ear damages caused by SOM could be alleviated, therefore affording better qualities of life for SOM patients following myringotomy. Tinnitus could be relieved along with the improvements of conductive hearing loss, but it still remained for the SNHL remained.
5. Conclusion
To conclude, SOM got the damage on SNHL and tinnitus. Tinnitus shows correlation with conductive hearing loss and SNHL. In addition, proper and early therapeutic could release the deficits.
Funding
This work was supported by Xi’an Science and Technology Project [2017119SF/YX013(3)] to Ying Gao, and The K & D Projects in Shaanxi [2017SF-182] to Ying Gao.
Availability of Data and Materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
Ethics approval was obtained from The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University.