The Effect of Different Irrigation Levels in Cowpea Production in the Mid-Northern Region of Tocantins—Brazil ()
1. Introduction
The cultivation of cowpeas plays an important role in agricultural development, both economically and in terms of nutrition. It performs socioeconomic functions, especially for low income rural populations, meeting their nutritional needs.
In addition to the use for consumption in nature, especially in the form of dry or green seeds, cowpeas are also used as fodder, hay, silage, feed, green manuring and soil protection [1].
According to [2] , the cowpea is considered a plant species with great genetic variability, and can be used for different purposes and in different cultivation modes. In addition, it has great adaptability to different environmental conditions, being of great nutritional value because it contains the amino acids considered essential to humans in its composition.
In the first Brazilian harvest, the cowpea is the third most cultivated crop in the country. Its production is concentrated in the Northeast, more particularly in Piauí and Bahia. The estimate for Brazil in the 2017/2018 harvest is a reduction of area from 1409.30 thousand ha to 1402.60 thousand ha (0.5%) and yield from 506 kg∙ha−1 to 470 kg∙ha−1 (7.1%) in the face of unfavorable climatic conditions in this harvest. With this climate standing, production should be 7.6% lower, reaching 659 thousand tons. And the estimate for the state of Tocantins in the 2017/2018 harvest is for the maintenance of an area of 41.1 thousand ha and a yield reduction from 1630 kg∙ha−1 to 1274 kg/ha (21.9%), and also a reduction in the production estimate, from 67 thousand t to 52.4 thousand t (21.8%) [3].
The average Brazilian yield in the 2016/2017 harvest was 506 kg∙ha−1 and in the State of Tocantins it was of 1630 kg∙ha−1. It is worth mentioning that in this harvest Tocantins was the Brazilian state that presented the highest yield. The national production was 713 thousand tons and Tocantins’ production was 67 thousand tons, corresponding to 9.4% of the national production [3].
To meet crop water needs in times when there is no rainfall, farmers generally make use of irrigation to meet the full watering demand of plants and maximize yield [4].
Currently, researches carried out by public institutions, such as Embrapa, have allowed the cultivation of cowpea cultivars, which have highly favorable agronomic characteristics to the production of dry and green seeds. These cultivars usually have a high response to irrigation [5].
However, there is still little information on the management of different irrigation levels in the cowpea culture in Brazil and particularly in the state of Tocantins, this data is scarce.
In this sense, the objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of the application of irrigation levels in productivity and water use efficiency in the soil and climatic conditions of the municipality of Colinas do Tocantins, located in the Mid-Northern region of the State of Tocantins.
2. Material and Methods
The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Tocantins―IFTO Campus Colinas do Tocantins―TO (Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Tocantins―IFTO Colinas do Tocantins Campus―TO), at coordinates 8˚3'S and 48˚28'W. The local climate is characterized, according to the Köppen and Geiger classification, as Aw (Tropical Climate with an average temperature in Colinas do Tocantins of 26.2˚C and average annual rainfall of 1847 mm, with a rainy summer and dry winter). The soil of the experimental area is characterized as Red-Yellow Latosol [6] , and light-sandy Texture Class [7].
The preparation of the soil consisted of two harrowing sessions, one at the moment of the application of limestone for its incorporation and the other 90 days later for leveling and elimination of weeds in the place. Basic fertilization was performed based on the interpretation of the soil analysis results. The detail of the irrigation system and its distribution in the field can be observed in Figure 1, where we can see the drippers’ tubes and the respective areas moistened.
The cultivar Sempre Verde was used, the irrigation system adopted was drip irrigation with emitters spaced at 0.25 m. Sowing occurred in November 23, 2016.
The cowpea cultivation system was implanted at a spacing of 0.5 m between rows and 0.5 m plants, and two plants per pit with a mean density of 80,000 plants∙ha−1. The cultivation system was submitted to irrigation levels corresponding to 100% of the evapotranspiration reference (ET0) from emergency until 15 days after sowing (end of the initial stage of the cowpea). From then on, irrigation control was initiated through the application of treatments that consisted of five different irrigation levels. The levels were based on the values related to Evapotranspiration Reference―ET0, namely: Blade 0 (B0) = 0% of ET0; Blade 50 (B50) = 50% of ET0; Blade 75 (B75) = 75% of ET0; Blade 100 (B100) = 100% of ET0 and Blade 125 (B125) = 125% of ET0.
The experimental plot consisted of six lines of 8.0 m in length each, spaced by 0.5 m, totaling an area of 24.0 m2, being considered for evaluation purposes the
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Figure 1. IFTO Campus Colinas do Tocantins.
four central lines with a useful area of 14.0 m2, excluding 0.5 m of border at the ends of the plot. The stand of plants within each plot was 112 plants, and for the purpose of evaluations, as sample unit were used the bean-cowpea plants. A total of 100 plants were taken at random within each useful plot for each treatment, each of which corresponds to one replicate. All production components were evaluated in each of the replicates. Finally, descriptive statistics (random sampling method) were used to analyze the data, applying the 95% confidence interval to discriminate the differences between the treatments.
2.1. Production Components Evaluated
The procedures adopted for analysis of yield of the plants comprised the collection of the pods of all the plants of the area for each treatment. The Plant Height (PH) component was measured in the field and after this measurement, the pods were harvested and packed in paper bags and taken to the oven for drying at 65˚C for 48 hours, for further analysis of the production.
The production components evaluated after drying were: number of pods per plant (NPP), pod length (PL) and number of seeds per pod (NSP).
2.2. Water-Use Efficiency and Yield
The water-use efficiency (WUE) (kg∙ha−1∙mm−1) was calculated by correlating seed yield (Seey) and applied and the total water depth, using the following expression adapted from [8] :
(1)
where:
WUE = water-use efficiency (kg∙ha−1∙mm−1)
Seey = seed yield (kg∙ha)−1) and IL = accumulated irrigation level (mm).
3. Results and Discussions
The results of the confidence interval constructed by the “t” statistic is 5% probability for the components of production: plant height (PH), number of pods per plant (NPP), pod weight (PW), pod length (PL) and number of seeds per pod (NSP) in the exclusive cultivation systems of cowpeas―ECC and in the consortium system―SCMF under the effect of different irrigation levels are presented in Table 1.
A significant effect was shown on all evaluated components, except in pod length (Table 1).
The (PH) component was favored by the irrigation levels of 50% and 125% respectively, and therefore differed from the others at 5% of probability, while the levels 0% and 75% presented the least effect for this component and did not impose difference between them at 5% probability. [9] studying the physiological characteristics and production components of cowpeas under different irrigation levels found lower results for plant height. The values observed in the
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Table 1. Cowpea production components: plant height (PH), number of pods per plant (NPP), pod weight (PW), pod length (PL) and number of seeds per pod (NSP) submitted to different irrigation levels. Colinas do Tocantins, TO, 2016/2017.
*Means followed by different letters (column) differ from one another by the confidence interval constructed by the “t” statistic at 5% probability.
present research for plant height are in accordance with those desired for more technical crops.
According to [10] , the demand for cultivars, with plant architecture that facilitates cultural practices and harvest, is very high. Cultivars with the most upright position have been one of the main demands of both rural entrepreneurs and family farmers.
The NPP production component, which has a direct relationship with productivity, showed a significant difference at 5% probability in ECC due to the irrigation levels, it was shown that the NPP increased with the increment of the irrigation levels reaching the point of optimal technical efficiency with 8 pods per plant, with the level of 125%. This result shows that there is a positive relation between the amount of water applied and the production of pods per plant.
By analyzing each irrigation level individually and its effect on the cultivation system, the dependence of the water increment on pod production is even more evident, which can be easily observed in the difference in the number of pods between the levels, especially in the exclusive cowpea system in which the control treatment (B0%), which did not receive irrigation water after the initial 15 days, had a reduction of approximately 57% in this component when compared to the highest irrigation level (B125%).
These results corroborate with research conducted by [11] , which evaluated the production components, productivity and efficiency of irrigation of cowpeas in the cerrado of Roraima, concluded that the number of pods per plant is directly affected by the increment of irrigation. Similarly, [5] , evaluating the effect of the variation of soil water levels on the growth and production of cowpeas, pods and green seeds, verified that the number of pods per plant was influenced by the water levels, being more affected by water deficit.
The results found by [12] , also corroborate with the values found in this study. These authors analyzed different levels of irrigation for the cowpea in Parnaíba―PI, verifying that the production component with the greatest positive variability in response to the increase in seed yield was the number of pods per plant.
[13] studying the productive performance of the maize-cowpea consortium and soil water availability, also observed a decreasing behavior in the cowpea production variables due to the total irrigation levels. The number of pods per plant (NPP) was the production component that presented the greatest positive variability in response to the increase of the irrigation level and with direct implication in the increase of seed yield.
Analyzing the (PW) component, there was a decreasing trend in this component due to the irrigation levels, showing that there was a significant difference at 5% probability for this cultivation system. The ECC presented a PW of 17.17 g and 6.6 g for the levels of B125% and L0%, respectively, with a difference of 61%, in favor of the higher irrigation level.
These results corroborate with the results found by [13] [14] , which obtained the highest value for this component achieved in the 125% level calculated by the Class A Tank (ECA) method. These authors also concluded that both water deficiency and excess water caused a reduction in the weight of the pods.
In regards to the length of pods, according to the data presented in Table 1, we can observe that there was no significant difference at 5% probability, in the levels applied in the ECC, so there was no effect of irrigation levels (Table 1).
These results were close to those found by [9] , which found a value for pod length of 18.86 cm for the canapu cultivar. [15] found values of 19.7 to 22.6 cm for cowpeas. These authors affirm that a longer pod length allows a greater amount of locus, providing more seeds per pod, however, plants with short or intermediate size pods are preferable, because in the presence of irrigation, these may have greater contact with the humid soil, facilitating the attack of the pods and seeds by microorganisms, damaging the production and, consequently, the crop’s productivity.
The number of seeds per pod―NSP is an important component of production, although it is more related to genetic heritability characteristic, being little influenced by the environment [16]. With the results presented in Table 1, it was found that there was a significant difference at 5% probability for this, under the effect of the different irrigation levels. It was also found that the increase of irrigation contributed significantly to the increase of NSP, where the highest amount was obtained by applying the highest irrigation level―B125% within the ECC.
These results corroborate with those found by [13] , who observed that this component of production had linear effect in response to the application of irrigation levels, where the highest values of NSP (14.3) were obtained with the highest irrigation level corresponding to 385.8 mm. Also, the response curves of this component presented increasing linear behavior with the application of the irrigation levels.
The results of the confidence interval constructed by the “t” statistic is 5% probability for the quantities of water applied―AL, seed yield―SEEY and water-use efficiency―WUE are presented in Table 2.
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Table 2. Applied level (AL), Seed Yield (SEEY) and Water-use efficiency (WUE) of cowpea culture in exclusive cultivated, submitted to different irrigation slides, in the Municipality of Tocantins Hills―TO 2016/2017.
*Means followed by different letters (column) differ from one another by the confidence interval constructed by the “t” statistic at 5% probability.
From the observation of the results presented in Table 2, it was found that there was a significant difference at 5% probability for the components AL, SEEY and WUE.
During the experimental period a rainfall of 383 mm occurred, so the productive response was also influenced by the rain, in addition to the irrigation levels. In this sense, the L0% level received 383 mm corresponding to rainwater. The irrigation levels of 50%, 75%, 100% and 125% of ETo, in addition to received rainwater, resulted in the following total irrigation levels plus precipitation: 483 mm (B50%), 583 mm (B75%), 683 mm (B100%) and 783 mm (B125%).
The analysis of the means by the confidence interval constructed by the “t” statistic at 5% of probability, was significant for the amount of water applied by each irrigation level.
The productivity of cowpeas was greatly affected by the application of the irrigation levels. According to the data in Table 2, it can be observed that there was a significant difference at 5% probability. The levels that provided the highest productivity of dry seeds―SEEY, were those of B125% and B100%, with 1333.6 kg∙ha−1 and 908.0 kg∙ha−1, respectively.
These values were below those found by [4] , who obtained values of 2492.86 kg∙ha−1 and 2937.36 kg∙ha−1 of green cowpea beans for the varieties BRS Paraguaçu and BRS Guariba, with application of 423 mm and 354 mm of water respectively.
The differences observed are due to the fact that these authors have performed green bean analysis, which is notably heavier due to the higher moisture content in the green seeds. In addition, this difference can be associated to the cultivars used and to the diversity of the soil and climatic conditions of the sites where the studies were conducted.
However, the values of this research were very close to those found by [13] , for yields of cowpea seeds in a single system. The authors above found values of
1599.03 kg∙ha−1 and 470.78 kg∙ha−1, with the application of irrigation levels of 390.1 mm and 259.1 mm respectively.
The results of this research corroborate with the data found by [17] , which studied the productive response and water-use efficiency of cowpeas in exclusive and intercropping systems in the northeastern semi-arid region and obtained dry seed yield values in the exclusive cowpea system of 571.4 kg∙ha−1 and 1320.7 kg∙ha−1 corresponding to the irrigation levels of B0% and B125%, respectively. The cowpea cultivation system, in B0% we obtained productivity 18.8% lower, while in B125% we outperformed the results by 0.97%.
With regards to water-use efficiency (WUE), we can observe that there was a significant difference at 5% probability, indicating that some irrigation levels were more efficient.
Thus, it is worth mentioning that, although the 100% and 125% levels provided higher seed yields, the analysis of water-use efficiency shows that the B0% of ETo, that is, the one which received only rainwater, was more efficient, with 16.13 kg∙m−3 of applied water.
[17] , also studying the WUE in the cowpea, found an inverse behavior to the different cultivation systems, where the decrease of the WUE in relation to the applied levels occurred in the cowpea cultivation system, presenting values of 27.7 kg∙m−3 and 17.0 kg∙m−3, for B0% and B125%, respectively.
[11] , studying the efficiency of irrigation on different bean cultivars in the cerrado of Roraima, found a reduction in the efficiency of water use with the increment of irrigation levels, independently of the cultivar, in which the higher efficiencies for BRS Guariba (9.74 kg∙mm−1), BRS Novaera (10.04 kg∙mm−1) and BRS Pajeú (13.94 kg∙mm−1), were obtained with the 30% level of the ETo (107.3 mm), with yields of 1190.67 kg∙ha−1 with BRS Guariba, 1113.60 kg∙ha−1 with BRS Novaera and 1545.7 kg∙ha−1 with BRS Pajeú.
4. Conclusions
It can be inferred that all the production components evaluated in the research were affected by the irrigation levels, except the length of pod that did not differentiate between the levels. The increase in irrigation contributed to the increase of the results of components that compete directly for productivity, such as number of pods per plant, weight of pods and number of seeds per pod. In these results, it was found that higher irrigation levels confer higher yields.
The increase in irrigation contributed to the productivity of dry cowpea seeds, where B125% conferred the best performance, which justifies the adoption of irrigation technologies, especially in dry periods.
WUE behaved with the same productivity trend, that is, it decreased with the reduction of the irrigation levels. It is worth mentioning that although B100% in the cowpea cultivation system had higher productivity in relation to B50%, its efficiency was inferior to B50%.