Successful Extracorporeal Membranous Oxygenation with Possible Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury after Pulmonary Endarterectomy ()
1. Introduction
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) develops during or within 6 hours of transfusion and it is a potentially fatal complication. However, its mechanism and risk factors are still unknown. The term “possible TRALI” was developed because of indistinguishability between TRALI and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Moreover, although cardiac surgery is a risk factor of TRALI, there have been few reports on TRALI after cardiac surgery. Although the optimal management of TRALI with severe deteriorated lung condition is controversial, the use of extracorporeal membranous oxygenation (ECMO) can be an effective treatment. Especially, veno-arterial (V-A) ECMO has the advantage of reducing right ventricular volume and enables safe tracheal suction. In this report, we present the case of a patient with life-threatening TRALI following pulmonary thrombectomy, which was successfully treated with ECMO. Moreover, we observed rebound hypercoagulability after abrupt cessation of direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) administration.
2. Case Report
A 55-year-old woman with acute pulmonary emboli was treated with DOAC administration. The patient was recovering without any symptoms or pulmonary hypertension. However, a week before admission, she experienced severe melena due to hemorrhoids and DOAC administration was ceased. She was then transferred to our institute because of acute progressive hypoxia.
The patient’s hemodynamics had already collapsed on admission and emergency ECMO was initiated to stabilize her hemodynamics. Because pulmonary angiography showed multiple defects in the bilateral pulmonary arteries (Figure 1) with significant pulmonary hypertension (mean pulmonary artery pressure, 62 mmHg), the patient was transferred to the operating room for emergency surgery. After establishment of cardiopulmonary bypass with ascending aortic cannulation and bilateral venous drainage through the median sternotomy, fresh thrombus was successfully removed from the bilateral pulmonary arteries on the beating heart.
However, at the time of weaning from the cardiopulmonary bypass, fresh blood flowed out of the tracheal tube because of pulmonary bleeding, and transfusion was needed to control the bleeding. Consequently, the patient received 24 units of red blood cell concentrates, 30 units of fresh frozen plasma, and 55 units of platelet concentrates over a 2-hour period. Although pulmonary bleeding was partially controlled prior to the completion of transfusion, clear and frothy fluid flowed out of the tracheal tube. Despite pure oxygen inhalation and high positive end-expiratory pressure, the partial pressure of the arterial oxygen gradually
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Figure 1. Preoperative pulmonary angiography showing multiple defects (white arrow heads) in the bilateral pulmonary arteries.
decreased. Finally, V-A ECMO was started through the femoral artery cannulation and the superior vena caval drainage. The transesophageal echocardiography showed almost normal cardiac function and the urine output was sufficient.
Chest radiography conducted in the operating room revealed diffuse bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (Figure 2(a)). Chest computed tomography showed bilateral gravitational atelectasis and peribronchial infiltrates with no pleural effusion (Figure 2(b)). In the intensive care unit, the patient received meticulous treatment including steroid administration and nitric oxide inhalation. Frequent bronchoscopic suction was performed for lung recruitment. The impaired oxygenation gradually improved and ECMO was weaned on the fourth day. Although tracheostomy was temporally performed, the patient was discharged on postoperative day 80 without any complications after sufficient rehabilitation. The pulmonary hypertension improved to almost normal range. The patient is currently recovering well without recurrent thromboembolic events and respiratory failure at the 14-month follow up.
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(b)
Figure 2. (a) Chest radiography performed in the operating room showing diffuse bilateral pulmonary infiltrates; (b) Postoperative chest computed tomography scan showing bilateral gravitational atelectasis and peribronchial infiltrates but no pleural effusion.
The patient provided consent to publish the details and results of the case. The
identity of the patient has been protected.
3. Discussion
TRALI is a potentially fatal complication of blood transfusion that is characterized by dyspnea, hypotension, and hypoxemia and usually develops during or within six hours after transfusion [1] . Although this definition appears straightforward, the characteristics of TRALI are indistinguishable from those of acute lung injury due to other causes, such as sepsis or lung contusion. To differentiate this condition, the term “possible TRALI” was introduced [2] , which allows for the presence of another risk factor for acute lung injury. The typical findings of TRALI are diffuse bilateral pulmonary infiltrates with the absence of cardiac dysfunction and without pleural effusion on chest radiography and computed tomography.
A two-hit hypothesis has been proposed for TRALI [2] . The first hit concerns patient-related factors: adherence of neutrophils to the pulmonary endothelium. The second hit concerns discharge of mediators that activate the endothelial cells and pulmonary neutrophils, resulting in capillary leakage and subsequent pulmonary edema.
The incidence of TRALI is estimated to be between 0.08% and 15% in patients receiving blood transfusion. Furthermore, the incidence of TRALI is 50 - 100 times higher in critically ill patients than in the general hospital population [2] . In general, TRALI has a good prognosis and mortality is considered to be low at approximately 5% - 10% [2] . However, TRALI mortality in surgical patients was higher than in transfused controls [2] .
Although this definition appears straightforward, the characteristics of TRALI are sometimes indistinguishable from those of acute respiratory distress syndrome because of deteriorated patient status. To identify such cases, the term “possible TRALI” was developed [2] , which allows the presence of another risk factor for acute lung injury.
Cardiac surgery is a risk factor of TRALI [3] . During cardiac surgery, the lungs are deflated and remain nonventilated for several hours, which may cause injury to the pulmonary endothelium (the first hit). In addition, the use of cardiopulmonary bypass can cause pulmonary edema (the second hit) [3] . Besides these possible risk factors, patients often receive blood transfusion. The patient in the present case received considerable blood transfusion. Therefore, the present case is identified as possible TRALI based on the use of cardiopulmonary bypass, highly invasive procedures, and absence of cardiac dysfunction.
ECMO has been successfully used in the management of acute reversible pulmonary failure. Several reports have found a higher survival rate in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome treated with ECMO [4] [5] [6] . Although the application of ECMO in acute respiratory distress syndrome is controversial because of high incidence of morbidities, early use of ECMO enables us to reduce the patient’s fraction of inspiratory oxygen and peak inspiratory pressure and can prevent ventilator-induced lung injury [5] . V-A ECMO has the advantage of reducing right sided heart volume including of the pulmonary arteries, allowing for the recovery of ventricular function and optimizing oxygen transport by improving cardiac output and oxygen content.
Kuroda et al. reported successful management of TRALI with V-V ECMO [4] . V-V ECMO is associated with a lower complication rate than V-A ECMO [7] . In V-V ECMO, there are fewer bleeding complications [7] and greater supply of oxygenated blood in the coronary circulation. However, hypotension is a common sign in TRALI and usually does not respond to IV fluid infusion. V-A ECMO was selected for the treatment of patients who appeared to be at near cardiac arrest, although respiratory failure usually requires only V-V ECMO [8] . Furthermore, as V-A ECMO decreases the transpulmonary blood flow, it may help control both airway bleeding from the pulmonary circulation and pulmonary edema secondary reperfusion [9] . Therefore, V-A ECMO enables sufficient and safe bronchoscopic tracheal suction. In the present case, V-A ECMO assisted the impaired respiratory system and enabled us to perform bronchoscopic suction safely.
During V-A ECMO, the patient received meticulous treatment including administration of methylprednisolone and nitric oxide inhalation. Inhalation of nitric oxide reduces pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with pulmonary hypertension [10] . Perioperative corticosteroid administration can reduce complement activation and release of inflammatory cytokines associated with cardiopulmonary bypass. However, the clinical benefits of this treatment are uncertain [11] .
4. Conclusion
V-A ECMO placement plays an important role in the treatment of patients with acute severe hypoxemia due to possible TRALI after cardiac surgery. In particular, it can prevent ventilator-induced lung injury and enable safe bronchoscopic tracheal suction.
Acknowledgements
We thank the Honyaku Center Inc. for reviewing and editing the manuscript. We also thank our colleagues for their helpful comments.
Abbreviations
TRALI: Transfusion-related acute lung injury
ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
V-A: Veno-Arterial
DOAC: Direct oral anticoagulant