Flow Injection Determination of Tramadol Based on Its Sensitizing Effect on the Chemiluminescent Reaction of Permanganate-Sulfite
Xun Yao, Jingkai Zhang, Jianguo Li
.
DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2011.27088   PDF    HTML     4,514 Downloads   8,818 Views   Citations

Abstract

In this paper, a novel chemiluminescence (CL) method for the determination of tramadol has been developed by combining the flow injection technique and its sensitizing effect on the weak CL reaction between sulfite and acidic KMnO4. A mechanism for the CL reaction has been proposed on the basis of fluorescent and CL spectra. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed method allows the measurement of tramadol hydrochloride over the range of 0.04 - 4 ?g/mLwith a correlation coefficient of 0.9995 (n = 8) and a detection limit of 0.01 ?g/mL (3σ), and the relative standard deviation for 2.0 ?g/mL tramadol (n = 11) is 2.1%. The utility of this method was demonstrated by determining tramadol hydrochloride in tablets and injections.

Share and Cite:

X. Yao, J. Zhang and J. Li, "Flow Injection Determination of Tramadol Based on Its Sensitizing Effect on the Chemiluminescent Reaction of Permanganate-Sulfite," American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 2 No. 7, 2011, pp. 768-775. doi: 10.4236/ajac.2011.27088.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] P. Dayer, J. Desmeules and L. Collart, “Pharmacology of Tramadol,” Drugs, Vol. 53, No. 2, 1997, pp. 18-24. doi:10.2165/00003495-199700532-00006
[2] P. Dayer, L. Collart and J. Desmeules, “The Pharmacology of Tramadol,” Drugs, Vol. 47, No. 1, 1994, pp. 3-7. doi:10.2165/00003495-199400471-00003
[3] C. R. Lee, D. Mctavish and E. M. Sorkin, “Tramadol. A Preliminary Review of Its Pharmacodynamic and Phar-macokinetic Properties, and Therapeutic Potential in Acute and Chronic Pain States,” Drugs, Vol. 46, No. 2, 1993, pp. 313-340. doi:10.2165/00003495-199346020-00008
[4] L. Poulsen, L. Arendt-Nielsen, K. Brosen and S. H. Sin-drup, “The Hypoalgesic Effect of Tramadol in Relation to CYP2D6,” Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Vol. 60, No. 6, 1996, pp. 636-644. doi:10.1016/S0009-9236(96)90211-8
[5] W. Lintz, H. Barth, G. Osterloh and E. Schmidt-B?thelt, “Pharmacokinetics of Tramadol and Bioavailability of Enteral Tramadol Formulations. 3rd Communication: Suppositories,” Drug Research, Vol. 48, No. 9, 1998, pp. 889- 899.
[6] Y. H. Ardakani, R. Mehvar, A. Foroumadi and M. R. Rouini, “Enantioselective Determination of Tramadol and Its Main Phase I Metabolites in Human Plasma by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography,” Journal of Chromatography B, Vol. 864, No. 1-2, 2008, pp. 109-115. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.01.038
[7] H. Ebrahimzadeh, Y. Yamini, A. Sedighi and M. R. Rouini, “Determination of Tramadol in Human Plasma and Urine Samples Using Liquid Phase Microextraction with Back Extraction Combined with High Performance Liquid Chromatography,” Journal of Chromatography B, Vol. 863, No. 2, 2008, pp. 229-234. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.01.005
[8] Y. H. Ardakani and M. R. Rouini, “Improved Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Simultaneous Determi-nation of Tramadol and Its Three Main Metabolites in Human Plasma, Urine and Saliva,” Journal of Pharma-ceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Vol. 44, No. 5, 2007, pp. 1168-1173. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2007.04.012
[9] M. Ze?evi?, ?. Stankovi?, L. ?ivanovi? and B. Joci?, “Validation of a High-Performance Liquid ChromaTo-graphic Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Tramadol and Its Impurities in Oral Drops as a Pharma-ceutical Formulation,” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 1119, No. 1-2, 2006, pp. 251-256. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.105
[10] M. R. Rouini , Y. H. Ardakani, F. Soltani , H. Y. Aboul- Enein and A. Foroumadi, “Development and Validation of a Rapid HPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Tramadol, and Its Two Main Metabolites in Human Plasma,” Journal of Chromatography B, Vol. 830, No. 2, 2006, pp. 207-211. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.10.039
[11] L. Vlase, S. E. Leucuta and S. Imre, “Determination of Tramadol and O-Desmethyltramadol in Human Plasma by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry Detection,” Talanta, Vol. 75, No. 4, 2008, pp. 1104-1109. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2008.01.006
[12] J. Krzek and M. Starek, “Quality Assessment for Tra- madol in Pharmaceutical Preparations with Thin Layer Chromatography and Densitometry,” Biomedical Chro-matography, Vol. 18, No. 8, 2004, pp. 589-599. doi:10.1002/bmc.361
[13] C. Moore, S. Rana and C. Coulter, “Determination of Meperidine, Tramadol and Oxycodone in Human Oral Fluid Using Solid Phase Extraction and Gas Chromato-gramphy-Mass Spectrometry,” Journal of Chromatogra-phy B, Vol. 850, No. 1-2, 2007, pp. 370-375. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.12.008
[14] Y. F. Sha, S. Shen and G. L. Duan, “Rapid Determination of Tramadol in Human Plasma by Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction and Capillary Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Vol. 37, No. 1, 2005, pp. 143-147. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2004.09.050
[15] J. G. Li and H. X. Ju, “Simultaneous Determination of Ethamsylate, Tramadol and Lidocaine in Human Urine by Capillary Electrophoresis with Electrochemilumin escence Detection,” Electrophoresis, Vol. 27, No. 17, 20 06, pp. 3467-3474. doi:10.1002/elps.200600135
[16] W. D. Cao, J. F. Liu, H. B. Qiu, X. R. Yang and E. K. Wang, “Simultaneous Determination of Tramadol and Lidocaine in Urine by End-Column Capillary Electroph- oresis with Electrochemiluminescence Detection,” Elec-troanalysis, Vol. 14, No. 22, 2002, pp. 1571-1576. doi:10.1002/1521-4109(200211)14:22<1571::AID-ELAN1571>3.0.CO;2-X
[17] H. E. Abdellatef, M. M. El-Henawee, H. M. El-Sayed and M. M. Ayad, “Spectrophotometric and Spectrofluorimet- ric Methods for Analysis of Tramadol, Acebutolol and Dothiepin in Pharmaceutical Preparations,” Spectrochimi- ca Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, Vol. 65, No. 5, 2006, pp. 1087-1092. doi:10.1016/j.saa.2006.02.008
[18] A. El-Gindy, A. Ashour, L. Abdel-Fattah and M. M. Shabana, “First Derivative Spectrophotometric, TLC- Densitometric, and HPLC Determination of Acebutolol Hydrochloride in Presence of Its Acid-Induced Degra- dation Product,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomed-ical Analysis, Vol. 24, No. 4, 2001, pp. 527-534. doi:10.1016/S0731-7085(00)00451-9
[19] A. Kü?ük and Y. Kad?o?lu, “Determination of Tramadol Hydrochloride in Ampoule Dosage Forms by Using UV Spectrophotometric and HPLC-DAD Methods in Metha- nol and Water Media,” Il Farmaco, Vol. 60, No. 2, 2005, pp. 163-169. doi:10.1016/j.farmac.2004.12.002
[20] E. M. P. J. Garrido, J. M. P. J. Garrido, F. Borges and C. Delerue-Matos, “Development of Electrochemical Meth- ods for Determination of Tramadol/Analytical Application to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms,” Journal of Phar-maceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Vol. 32, No. 4-5, 2003, pp. 975-981. doi:10.1016/S0731-7085(03)00199-7
[21] J. X. Feng, X. Q. Wang, L. P. Wang and Y. C. Zhang, “Determination of Tramadol Hydrochloride with Two Point Potentiometric Titration,” Chinese Journal of Ana-lytical Chemistry, Vol. 29, No. 12, 2001, pp. 1487-1487.
[22] H. Y. Liu, J. J. Ren, Y. H. Hao and H. C. Ding, “Deter- mination of Metoprolol Tartrate in Tablets and Human Urine Using Flow-Injection Chemiluminescence Meth- od,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Vol. 42. No. 3, 2006, pp. 384-388. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2006.04.008
[23] B. T. Zhang, L. X. Zhao and J. M. Lin, “Determination of Folic Acid by Chemiluminescence Based on Peroxomo-nosulfate-Cobalt(II) System,” Talanta, Vol. 74, No. 5, 2008, pp. 1154-1159. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2007.08.027
[24] P. Fletcher, K. N. Andrew, A. C. Calokerinos, S. Forbes and P. J. Worsfold, “Analytical Applications of Flow In- jection with Chemiluminescence Detection―A Review,” Luminescence, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2001, pp. 1-23. doi:10.1002/bio.607
[25] K. R. Mervartova, M. Polasek and J. M. Calatayud, “Re- view: Recent Applications of Flow-Injection and Sequen- tial-Injection Analysis Techniques to Chemiluminescence Determination of Pharmaceuticals,” Journal of Pharma-ceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Vol. 45, No. 3, 2007, pp. 367-381. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2007.08.018
[26] J. Stauff and W. A. Jaechke, “A Chemiluminescence Tech- nique for Measuring Atmospheric Trace Concentrations of Sulphur Dioxide,” Atmospheric Environment (1967), Vol. 9, No. 11, 1975, pp. 1038-1039. doi:10.1016/0004-6981(75)90028-1
[27] F. Meixner and W. Jaeschke, “Chemiluminescenzverfa-hren Zum Nachweis von Schwefeldioxid im Ppt-Ber- eich,” Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 317, No. 3-4, 1984, pp. 343-344. doi:10.1007/BF00494487
[28] B. J. Hindson and N. W. Barnett, “Review: Analytical Applications of Acidic Potassium Permanganate as a Chemiluminescence Reagent,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 445, No. 1, 2001, pp. 1-19. doi:10.1016/S0003-2670(01)01240-5
[29] M. Kato, M. Yamada and S. Suzuki, “Flavin Mononu- cleotide Sensitized and Polyoxyethylene (20) Sorbitan Tri- oleate Micelle-Enhanced Gas/Solution Chemiluminescence for Direct Continuous Monitoring of Sulfur Dioxide in the Atmosphere,” Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 56, No. 13, 1984, pp. 2529-2534. doi:10.1021/ac00277a059
[30] Y. H. Li and J. R. Lu, “Flow Injection Chemilumines- cence Determination of Naproxen Based on KMnO4-Na2 SO3 Reaction in Neutral Aqueous Medium,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 577, No. 1, 2006, pp. 107-110. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2006.06.022
[31] S. A. Al-Tamrah, A. Townshend and A. R. Wheatley, “Flow-Injection Chemiluminescence Determination of Sulphite,” Analyst, Vol. 112, No. 6, 1987, pp. 883-886. doi:10.1039/an9871200883
[32] Y. H. Li and J. R. Lu, “Direct Chemiluminescence De-termination of Ibuprofen by the Enhancement of the KMnO4―Sulphite Reaction,” Luminescence, Vol. 22, No. 4, 2007, pp. 326-330. doi:10.1002/bio.966
[33] M. C. S. Alonso, L. L. Zamora and J. M. Calatayud, “Flow-Injection with Chemiluminescence Detection for the Determination of Iproniazid,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 437, No. 2, 2001, pp. 225-231. doi:10.1016/S0003-2670(01)00969-2
[34] Y. F. Zhuang and H. L. Song, “Sensitive Determination of Ketoprofen Using Flow Injection with Chemilumines- cence Detection,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Bio-medical Analysis, Vol. 44, No. 3, 2007, pp. 824-828. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2007.03.014

Copyright © 2024 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.