Comparison of Three Experimental Models for Rat Osteoarthritis Induction ()
1. Introduction
Osteoarthritis is a slowly progressive and debilitating disease with high prevalence in adult population [1] [2] . Knee is one of the joints most affected by this disorder and it generates a great function loss and decreases quality of life of those patients [3] [4] . It is estimated that the prevalence of this disease is 60% in men and 70% in women over 65 years [1] [4] .
Knee osteoarthritis is classified as either primary (idiopathic) or secondary. Secondary osteoarthritis is often the result of injury (trauma) or repetitive motion. It can also be a result of congenital conditions and underlying diseases, including systemic metabolic diseases, endocrine diseases, bone dysplasia, and calcium crystal deposition diseases [5] [6] .
Osteochondral defects often evolve to joint degeneration, characterized by pain, rigidity and loss of mobility [7] . The articular cartilage has a limited potential of healing because it is not vascularized, making their treatment become a challenge [8] . When the chondrocytes are injured, they do not form hematomas, do not produce fibrin nor form clot, serving only as support for the repair tissue and limiting the inflammatory response [9] [10] .
There is not any appropriate treatment for this disease, being treated with analgesics and anti-inflammatories [11] [12] . New researches are necessary to develop medications that combat this disease in its various phases. Many experimental studies have demonstrated some promising results, but they differ several times in the chosen method to induce osteoarthritis [13] - [18] .
The main models used to induce osteoarthritis are: 1) Meniscectomy [13] [14] , which the lesion generates articular trauma, facilitating the process of arthritis; 2) Administration of quinolone [15] [16] , mainly ciprofloxacin which has articular toxicity changing the chondrocytes and stimulating their apoptosis; and 3) Intraarticular injection of iodoacetate [17] [18] that generates an intense inflammatory infiltrate, culminating in the osteoarthritis. The three methods are more likely to mimic secondary osteoarthritis.
Although these models induce the osteoarthritis in all the animals they are used, in the literature review, it was not identified any paper that compared these techniques. Therefore, the present study was aimed to compare different experimental models in rats osteoarthritis induction.
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Ethical Considerations
This research strongly followed the rules from the Brazilian Law for Animal Care (Law 11.794/08), based on the guidelines from National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Ethics Code for Animal Experimentation from the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences. The Animal Ethics Committee from Pará State University approved the plan of this study (Protocol 35/14).
2.2. Experimental Design
40 male Wistar rats were used (Rattus norvegicus) aging 4 months and weighting between 200 - 250 grams from the Animal House of the Experimental Surgery Laboratory. They were maintained in appropriate cages with no restriction of food or water.
The animals were randomly distributed into four groups, each with 10 rats: 1) Normality Group (NG); 2) Meniscectomy Group (MG); 3) Iodoacetate Group (IG) and 4) Quinolone Group (QG).
2.3. Osteoarthritis Induction
The method to induce osteoarthritis varied according to the group. For the MG and IG, the rats were anesthetized by ketamine (70 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg) and the trichotomy and antisepsis of the left posterior limb were performed. In the MG, an incision was made medial and parallel to the patella; this bone was displaced medially and the medial collateral ligament was sectioned with the knee flexed [13] [14] . In the end, the suture was held by plans with 6-0 nylon.
Already in the IG, the animals get a single dose of 2 mg of sodium iodoacetate in 25 µL directly on the knee joint with the paw flexed to 90˚ [17] . Finally, the rats of QG received oral administration of ciprofloxacin (20 mg/kg) once a day during 15 days, always in the same time [16] .
2.4. Radiographic and Histopathological Analysis
After 28 days from the surgery and the beginning of ciprofloxacin administration the rats were euthanized by anesthetics overdose. The left posterior limb of all the animals was disarticulated from the hip joint. Then, the femur was separated from the soft tissue and the tibia was disarticulated from the fibula.
For the radiographic evaluation, the limbs were positioned in extension of 180˚ and anteroposterior radiographs were taken. It was used mammography films with a radiographic technic of 22 kV, 20 mAs, time of 0.71 s, 1.6× magnification and focal distance of 20 cm. Two blind researchers evaluated the X-ray images and graduated them in: 0-no lesion; 1-minimal lesion; 2-moderate lesion; 3-intense lesion.
For the histopathological analysis, the tissue was fixed in formaldehyde, demineralized in nitric acid and followed for routine processing being stained by hematoxylin- eosin. The slides were analyzed by the quantity of chondrocytes in the epiphyseal and articular cartilage in five high magnifications fields (40×).
2.5. Data Analysis
The normal distribution of data was confirmed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The results of the radiographic analysis were correlated by interclass test. Already the histopathological results were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test. All the tests considered p value < 0.05.
3. Results
In the radiographic analysis was a low correlation between the raters (correlation factor of 0.12) being opted for the exclusion of this study variable due to the high chance of bias.
3.1. Epiphyseal Cartilage Chondrocytes
Regarding the epiphyseal cartilage chondrocytes average counting (Table 1; Figure 1), IG and QG had less chondrocytes counting than the NG and MG (p < 0.01). Oh the other hand, MG showed similar average with the normality group (p > 0.05), both with high chondrocytes amount. There was no significant statistical difference between IG and QG (p > 0.05). MG had higher standard deviation than others group.
3.2. Articular Cartilage Chondrocytes
About the articular cartilage chondrocytes (Table 2; Figure 2), IG showed less average of chondrocytes with 60.30 ± 7.85, which was statistically different than NG, QG and MG (p < 0.01). In contrast, QG (86.60 ± 13.14) and MG (83.60 ± 14.45) showed similar results with the normality, without statistical difference (p > 0.05). There was no significant statistical difference between the groups QG and MG (p > 0.05).
4. Discussion
The choice of an animal disease model should take in count many factors, as age, sex, weight and others. If these factors do not be controlled biases will occur in the research models [19] [20] . Regarding the osteoarthritis induction, there are three main models
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Table 1. Epiphyseal cartilage chondrocytes average according to the groups.
*p < 0.01 (ANOVA) when compared with the Normality Group.
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Figure 1. Epiphyseal cartilages according to the groups. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, 25×. (a) Iodoacetate; (b) Quinolone; (c) Meniscectomy; (d) Normality.
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Table 2. Articular cartilage chondrocytes average according to the groups.
*p < 0.01 (ANOVA) when compared with the Normality Group.
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Figure 2. Articular cartilages according to the groups. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, 25×. (a) Iodoacetate; (b) Quinolone; (c) Meniscectomy; (d) Normality.
used in the literature, reducing the comparability of the results and making the achieve- ment of meta-analyze difficult [13] - [20] .
The chondrocytes are cells that main function is the synthesis of the joint extracellular matrix, thus decrease of those cells by trauma of inflammation may cause diseases such as osteoarthritis. That is why the count of chondrocytes was used in this research to compare the lesions of different methods; the same was done in other studies [10] [11] [21] .
Intraarticular iodoacetate injection appeared to be the most appropriated way to induce osteoarthritis due to the IG animals showed less chondrocytes than others did. In this study, the meniscectomy was the worst method since the number of chondrocytes was almost the same of the normality group. It is believed that it occurred because the surgery did have more variables that can influence the outcome. The fact that this group had the highest standard deviation in the count of both articular and epiphyseal cartilage reinforces this idea.
The use of ciprofloxacin (QG) showed similar results in the epiphyseal cartilage and slightly lower in the articular cartilage when compared to the IG. However, the QG group had the inconvenience of a long time of oral administration diverging from the iodoacetate group, which needs just one day of injection, reducing the research time and the animal stress.
Even the intraarticular injection of iodoacetate was considered the most apropriate model to induce osteoarthritis, the other methods should be used because they can simulate different etiology of injuries such as knee osteoarthritis by trauma (meniscectomy) and drug-induced (quinolone) with advantage if specific treatment for these causes is being researched [19] [20] . Besides, there is no standard dosage for intraarticular iodoacetate injection, which could accurate the comparison between three models, further studies about its dosage-dependent relation would be useful.
One of the limitations of this study was the evaluation only by the count of chondrocytes; more parameters such as other histopathological criteria and the macroscopy have not been used, we suggest that they should be used in other researches [13] - [18] . Moreover, a long time observation might change the outcomes, although the period used is the most common in the literature. In addition, in future researches different doses of ciprofloxacin or other quinolones may be used [15] [20] [22] .
5. Conclusion
Based on reduction of chondrocytes counting, the most appropriate model to induce osteoarthritis in rats is the intraarticular injection of iodoacetate.
Acknowledgements
All the authors thank Daniel Haber Feijó, Eduardo Henrique Herbster Gouveia and Luan Teles Ferreira de Carvalho, trainees from the Experimental Surgery Laboratory from Pará State University for helping in this study.